ENGLISH TEST 88
Read the following passage and choose the correct answer to each of the questions
According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social
group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other
cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process
of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.
Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to
produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders.” It seems that there is no set of personal qualities
that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that
meet the needs of that particular group.
Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are
typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that
emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look into instrumental leaders to “get things”done.”
Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group’s member.
Expressive leader are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group
members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to
maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members.
Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members. They give orders and
may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or
primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to
discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As
the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members;
instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a mote distant respect
1: What does the passage mainly discuss?
A. The problems faced by leaders
B. The role of leaders in social groups
C. How leadership differs in small and large groups
D. How social groups determine who will lead them
2: The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT____.
A. recruitment
B. formal election process
C. traditional cultural patterns
D. specific leadership training
3: In mentioning “natural leaders” in lines 7-8, the author is making the point that_______.
A. there is no proof that “natural leaders” exist
B. few people qualify as “natural leaders”
C. “natural leaders’ are easily accepted by the members of a social group
D. “natural leaders” share a similar set of characteristics
4: Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from paragraph 2?
A. Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person.
B. A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership.
C. Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications.
D. A person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in another group.
5:The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on_______.
A. ensuring harmonious relationships
B. achieving a goal
C. sharing responsibility with group members
D. identifying new leaders
6: The word “collective” in line 15 is closest in meaning to_______.
A. necessary
B. typical
C. particular
D. group
7:The word “them” in line 18 refers to_______.
A. expressive leaders
B. group members C. goals of the group D. tension and conflict
8: A “secondary relationship” mentioned in line 20 between a leader and the members of a group could best be
characterized as_______.
A. enthusiastic
B. distant
C. unreliable
D. personal
9: The word “resolve” in line 24 is closest in meaning to_______.
A. find a solution for
B. talk about
C. avoid thinking about D. avoid repeating
10: Paragraphs 3 and 4 organize the discussion of leadership primarily in term of_______.
A. examples that illustrate a problem
B. comparison and contrast
C. narration of events D. cause and effect analysis
Read the following passage and choose the correct answer to each of the questions
PAPER
Paper is everywhere. We use it for homework, money, checks, books, letters, wallpaper, and greeting cards. We have
paper towels, napkins plates, cups, and tissues. We print the news every day on newspaper. Our history and knowledge is
written on paper. Without paper, our lives would be completely different.
From the very beginning of time, people have tried to record their thoughts and lives. The earliest humans drew pictures
on cave walls. Later, people used large pieces of clay to write on. Almost 5,000 years ago, the Egyptians wrote on pieces of
plants called papyrus. Papyrus was used throughout the ancient world of the Mediterranean for thousands of years.
Eventually it was replaced by parchment. Parchment was made from animal skins. It was stronger and lasted longer than any
other material.
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