A. RELATIVE CLAUSES
WHO : dùng thế cho chủ ngữ - người
WHOM : dùng thế cho tân ngữ - ngừoi
WHICH : dùng thế cho chủ ngữ lẫn tân ngữ - vật
THAT : dùng thế cho tất cả các chữ trên
WHEN : dùng thế cho thời gian
WHERE : dùng thế cho nơi chốn
WHOSE : dùng thế cho sở hữu ,người / vật
WHY : dùng thế cho lý do ( reason /cause )
NHỮNG LƯU Ý
1.Dùng dấu phẩy: khi danh từ đứng trước who, which, whom... là :
+ Danh từ riêng ,tên: Ha Noi, Mary..
+ Có this ,that ,these ,those đứng trước danh từ.
+ Có sở hữu đứng trước danh từ : his, her, my, ...
+ Là vật duy nhất ai cũng biết : Sun, moon , earth...
2.Có thể lược bỏ đại từ quan hệ WHO, WHICH, WHOM...: Khi nó làm tân ngữ và phía trước nó không có dấu phẩy, không có giới từ (whose không được bỏ)
Eg:This is the book which I buy. → This is the book I buy.
3. KHÔNG ĐƯỢC dùng THAT : Khi phía trước nó có dấu phẩy hoặc giới từ :
This is my book , that I bought 2 years ago. (sai)
This is the house in that I live .(sai)
4. Bắt buộc dùng THAT: khi danh từ mà nó thay thế gồm 2 danh từ trở lên trong đó vừa có ngừơi vừa có vật
Eg: The men and the horses that ....
5. Nên dùng THAT
- Khi đầu câu là IT trong dạng nhấn mạnh (Cleft sentences)
Eg: It is My father that made the table.
- Khi đứng trước đó là : all, both, each, many, most, neither, none, part, someone, something, so sánh nhất
Eg: There is something that must be done
This the most beautiful girl that I've ever met.
B. REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES
- Dùng Present participles (V-ing) để thay thế MĐLH mang nghĩa chủ động (active):
Relative pronoun + active V → V-ing
Eg: The girl who is playing with the dog is Lan’s sister.
→ The girl playing with the dog is Lan’s sister.
- Dùng Pass participles (V3/ED) để thay thế cho MĐLH mang nghĩa bị động (passive):
Relative pronoun+be+V3/ED → V3/ED
Eg: The students who was punished by the teacher are lazy. → The students punished by the teacher are lazy.
- Dùng to- infinitive để thay thế cho một MĐLH mà trước nó là các số chỉ thứ tự (the first, second…), sau next, last, only và sau các tính từ so sánh hơn, nhất.
The first/ second…+N+ RP+V
→ The first/ second…+N+ to V/ to be V
C. EXRCISES
Ex 1: Choice the best answer:
1. This is the place _________ I met my wife.
A. what B. where C. which D. that
2. Simon is the man _________ Mary loves.
A. who B. which C. whom D. A&C
3. She is the one _________ I told you about.
A. what B. which C. whose D. that
4. Those _________ had studied hard passed their exams.
A. what B. which C. who D. whose
5. The magazine _________ you lent me is interesting.
A. what B. which C. whom D. whose
6. The man _________ is resting is very tired.
A. what B. which C. whom D. who
7. The boy _________ sat next to you is my friend.
A. who B. which C. whom D. whose
8. We are using books _________ were printed last year.
A. what B. who C. which D. whose
9. The painting_________Ms. Wallace bought was very expensive.
A. whom B. whose C. which D. where
10. The homeless people_____story appeared in the paper last week have now found a place to live.
A. who B. whom C. that D. whose
11. __________ is your favourite sport, swimming or running.
A. What B. Which C. Whom D. Whose
12. Were the Wright brothers the ones __________built the first aeroplane?
A. which B. whom C. whose D. that
13. I don't like stories________ have unhappy endings.
A. where B. which C. they D. who
14. She, ________ is your sister, lives far away.
A. which B. who C. whom D. she
15. I see some girls ________ are pretty.
A. whom B. which C. who D. they
16. Give back the money ________ you took.
A. it B. who C. whom D. which
17. He was killed by a man ________ friends we know.
A. whose B. which C. whom D. that
18. He spoke to the messengers with ________ you were leaving.
A. which B. whom C. whose D. that
19. We captured a town ________ is in Spain.
A. whom B. where C. which D. it
20. The farmers ________ we saw were in the field.
A. whose B. which C. they D. whom
21. The women ________ I gave the money were glad.
A. to whom B. to that C. for whom D. for that
21. The film about _____ they are talking is fantastic.
A. who B. which C. whom D. that
22. The people ____ for the bus in the rain are getting well
A. waiting B. to wait C. waited D. wait
23. He is the boy _______ is my best friend
A. that B. whom C. who D. A& C
24. I have a message for people _____ by the traffic chaos.
A. to delay B. who delay C. delayed D. who delaying
25. I live in a pleasant room ____________ the garden.
A. to overlook B. overlooking
C. overlooked D. which overlooking
26. Melanie was the only person _____ a letter of thanks.
A. wrote B. written C. to write D. writing
27. The pilot was the only man _______ after the crash.
A.was rescued B. rescued
C. rescuing D. to be rescued
28. I met a lot of new people at the party ________ names I can’t remember.
A. whose B. which C. who D. whom
29. I’ll see you near the post office ___________ we met the other day.
A. which B. where C. when D. why
30. Tell me the reason ______ you were absent yesterday.
A. where B. when C. why D. that
31.There was a time ____ dinosaurs dominated the earth.
A. which B. when C. that D. A & B
32. Summer is the time of the year _________ the weather is the hottest.
A. when B. which C. that D. B & C
33. Do you know the man about _______ they’re talking?
A. whom B. whose C. that D. A & C
34. What’s the name of the blonde girl _____ just came in?
A. who B. whose C. whom D. A & B
35. I don’t like people ________ lose their tempers easily.
A. who B. whose C. that D. A & C
36. I don’t like people _______ never stops talking.
A. that B. whose C. where D. whom
37. It _____in Hanoi _____ I was born and grew up.
A. is / that B. was / that C. was / which D. is / which
38. It____ Lan _____ always helps him in his trouble.
A. was/ who B. was/ that C. is / who D. is / which
39. It was The World Cup _______in Korea and Japan.
A. which was held B. that were held
C. that was held D. that held
40. Marie,_______ I met at the party, called me last night.
A. that B. whom C. which D. whose
Ex 2: Rewrite the sentences using relatives clauses.
1.He was sitting on a chair. It was uncomfortable.
@………………………………………………………….
2.The pub is opposite the Town Hall. I first met my wife there.
@………………………………………………………….
3.Do you know that lady? I repaired her car.
@…………………………………………………………
5.A man stole £10,000 from a bank. The police have caught him.
@………………………………………………………….
6.Romeo and Juliet were lovers. Their parents hated each other.
@………………………………………………………….
7.This is the story of a man. His wife suddenly loses her memory.
@………………………………………………………….
8.A man brought in a small girl. Her hand had been cut by flying glass..........................................................................
@………………………………………………………….
9.There’s the lady. Her dog was killed.
@…………………………………………………………
10.He’s the person. His car was stolen.
@………………………………………………………….
11.The river is the Sai Gon River. It flows through Ho Chi Minh City.
@………………………………………………………….
12.Mr Phong hasn’t come yet. He is supposed to be at the meeting.
@………………………………………………………….
13.Our solar system is in a galaxy. The galaxy is called the Milky Way.
@………………………………………………………….
14.I come from a city. This city is located in the southern part of the country.
@………………………………………………………….
15.I’ve recently gone back to the town. I was born in the town.
@………………………………………………………….
16.Do you know the name of the hotel ? John is staying at the hotel.
@………………………………………………………….
17.We enjoy this city. It has been renewed a lot after the war.
@………………………………………………………….
18.The movie was interesting. We went to it.
@………………………………………………………….
19.I couldn’t understand the woman. I talked to her on the phone.
@………………………………………………………….
20.I want to tell you about the party. I went to it last night.
@………………………………………………………….
21.The music was gentle. We listened to it last night.
@………………………………………………………….
22.Alice likes the foreign family. She is living with them.
@………………………………………………………….
23.The man is over there. I told you about him.
@………………………………………………………….
24.The film is fantastic. They are talking about it.
@………………………………………………………….
25.She’s the nurse. We gave the flowers to her.
@………………………………………………………….
26.We are speaking to the man. The man was our new history teacher.
@………………………………………………………….v
27.The teacher is Mr Pike. We studied with him last year.
@………………………………………………………….
28.Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon
@………………………………………………………….
29.I come from a city that is located in the southern part of the country.
@………………………………………………………….
30.The children who attend that school receive a good education.
@………………………………………………………….
31.The scientists who are researching the causes of cancer are making progress.
@………………………………………………………….
32.They live in a house that was built in
@………………………………………………………….
33.We have an apartment which overlooks the park.
@………………………………………………………….
34.Yuri Gagarin became the first man who flied into space.
@………………………………………………………….
35.We stood on the bridge which connects the two halves of the building.
@………………………………………………………….
36.I come from a city which is located in the southern part of the country
@………………………………………………………….
37.There are some words. They are very difficult to translate.
@………………………………………………………….
38.What is the name of the man ? You borrowed his car.
@………………………………………………………….
39.This watch costs a lot of money. I have lost the watch.
@………………………………………………………….
40.We were given a lot of information. Most of the information was useless.
@………………………………………………………….
Ex 3: Reduceding the relative clauses using V-ing, V3/ED, to V.
1.Neil Armstrong was the first man who walked on the moon
@………………………………………………………….
2.I come from a city that is located in the southern part of the country.
@………………………………………………………….
3.The children who attend that school receive a good education.
@……………………………………………………….
4.The scientists who are researching the causes of cancer are making progress.
@……………………………………………………….
5.They live in a house that was built in
@……………………………………………………….
6.We have an apartment which overlooks the park.
@……………………………………………………….
7.Yuri Gagarin became the first man who flied into space.
@……………………………………………………….
8.We stood on the bridge which connects the two halves of the building.
@……………………………………………………….
9.I come from a city which is located in the southern part of the country
@……………………………………………………….
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