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HỘI CÁC TRƯỜNG THPT CHUYÊN

KHU VỰC DUYÊN HẢI VÀ ĐỒNG BẰNG BẮC BỘ

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CHUYÊN ĐỀ HỘI THẢO KHOA HỌC

MÔN: TIẾNG ANH

RESEARCH PAPER

How to develop eloquence in speaking for gifted students

July 2024

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Table of Contents

PART A.

INTRODUCTION

......................................................................................................................3

I. Rational of the study .........................................................................................................................3

II. Aims of the study .............................................................................................................................3

PART B. DEVELOPMENT

....................................................................................................................4

I. The position of speaking in English Language Teaching and Learning ..............................................4

II. The role of eloquence in improving speaking skill for the gifted .....................................................4

III. Definition of eloquence and components of eloquence in speaking .............................................4

1. Definition of eloquence ...................................................................................................... 4

2. Components of eloquence in speaking ................................................................................ 5

IV. Roles of key components of eloquent speaking .............................................................................7

1. Roles of non-verbal components of eloquence in speaking ................................................... 7

2. Roles of verbal components of eloquence in speaking ........................................................ 11

PART C. CONCLUSION ........................................................................................................................ 31

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PART A. INTRODUCTION

I. Rational of the study

Nowadays, English is recognized as a lingua franca for communication across

nations and cultures throughout the world. In Viet Nam, to meet the demands for

development and integration of the country into the world arena, over the last decades,

more emphasis has been put on the teaching and learning of English language. At

present, English is a compulsory subject in most schools of all levels, especially at

high schools.

Among the four macro language skills known as listening, speaking, reading and

writing, speaking skill is considered the most significant one that most learners of

foreign languages need to achieve. However, in Vietnam, for many years, not much

attention has been paid to learners‘ speaking competence in English classes and time

for speaking practices is limited for many reasons. Consequently, students have poor

ability to speak English though they have been learning the language for a long time.

They speak English badly even in English speaking lessons. They often lack the

confidence and feel confused when they are asked to speak in English. They regularly

find it difficult to express their ideas in English and even some students cannot speak

anything but just keep silent during the speaking lesson.

As a teacher of English at a specialized high school, I am fully aware of the

importance of English speaking skill. Moreover, I am now in charge of teaching

English to grade 10 English-majored students. These students have to take part in

many examinations especially the ones for gifted students. Therefore, it is very

important to find out some effective strategies to improve eloquence in speaking for

them.

II. Aims of the study

This study aims at:

- finding out some strategies to improve eloquence in speaking for the gifted students.

- recommending to teachers at specialized high schools some pedagogical suggestions

for even more effective use of the strategies to improve eloquence in speaking for the

gifted students.

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PART B. DEVELOPMENT

I. The position of speaking in English Language Teaching and Learning

Speaking is the most important skill among other skills as Ur (1996: 120) claims:

―Of all the four skills (listening, speaking, reading, writing) speaking seems

intuitively the most important: people who know a language are referred to as

‗speakers‘ of the language, as if speaking included all other kinds of knowing,

and many if not most foreign language learners are primarily interested to speak‖.

According to Richards (2008:19), ―the mastery of speaking skill in English is a

priority for many second or foreign language learners and language proficiency is used

to evaluate learners‘ success in language learning as well as the effectiveness of their

English course.‖

In short, speaking skills play a very important part in English language teaching

and learning. Because of the importance of speaking skills in language teaching and

learning it is essential that language teachers should pay much attention to teaching

speaking skills in a way that helps learners participate confidently in transactions. The

main goal in teaching the skill of speaking is oral fluency - that is the ability to express

oneself intelligibly, reasonably, accurately and without undue hesitation. In order to

attain this goal, it is necessary to give students an actual language environment where

they can use the language to express their own ideas. Rather than leading students to

pure memorization, the teacher can provide a rich environment where students have

real-life communication, online materials and meaningful tasks that promote oral

language.

II. The role of eloquence in improving speaking skill for the gifted

According

to

The

Growth

Catalysts

Team,

recognizing

the

significance

of

eloquence in speaking is crucial for effectively communicating your message and

fostering robust relationships. Persuasion relies heavily on your capacity to express

your thoughts with clarity and persuasion. The skill of articulation greatly influences

how others interpret both you and your ideas.

When

you communicate eloquently,

you engage

your audience and create a

memorable impact. Your words possess the ability to inspire, sway, and encourage

others. Through mastering the art of expression, you can simplify and present intricate

concepts in an engaging way, facilitating comprehension and enhancing connections

with your audience.

III. Definition of eloquence and components of eloquence in speaking

1. Definition of eloquence

- According to the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary, eloquence is the ability

to use language and express your opinions well, especially when you are speaking in

public.

Moreover,

Cambridge

dictionary

defines

eloquence

as

―

the

quality

of

delivering

a

clear,

strong

message‖.

In

addition,

From

Wikipedia,

the

free

encyclopedia,

eloquence (from French eloquence from Latin eloquentia)

is

fluent,

elegant, persuasive, and forceful speech, persuading an audience. Eloquence is both a

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natural talent and improved by knowledge of language, study of a specific subject to

be addressed, philosophy, rationale and ability to form a persuasive set of tenets within

a presentation.

"True eloquence," Oliver Goldsmith says, "Does not consist ... in saying great things in

a sublime style, but in a simple style; for there is, properly speaking, no such thing as a

sublime style, the sublimity lies only in the things; and when they are not so, the

language may be turgid, affected, metaphorical, but not affecting.‖

In conclusion, eloquence in speaking refers to the ability to express thoughts,

ideas, or emotions in a fluent, articulate, and persuasive manner. It involves using

language effectively to communicate with clarity, grace, and power, often captivating

and influencing the audience through the choice of words, phrasing, tone, and delivery.

Eloquence is characterized by a combination of clarity, coherence, and persuasive

impact, making the speaker's message compelling and memorable to listeners. It goes

beyond mere fluency to encompass the artistry and effectiveness of communication.

2. Components of eloquence in speaking

2.1. Non-verbal components of eloquence in speaking

Non-verbal

components

of

eloquence

in

speaking

are

crucial

for

effective

communication and include:

1.

Body Language: This encompasses gestures, facial expressions, eye contact,

posture, and overall body movements that complement and reinforce verbal

messages. Confident and expressive body language can enhance the speaker's

credibility and engagement with the audience.

+ Gestures: Purposeful gestures that accompany speech can illustrate concepts,

emphasize key ideas, and help maintain audience attention. Gestures should be

natural

and

aligned

with

the

speaker's

message

to

enhance

clarity

and

engagement.

+ Posture: Good posture communicates confidence and authority. Standing or

sitting upright with shoulders back conveys professionalism and readiness to

communicate effectively.

+ Eye Contact: Maintaining appropriate eye contact with the audience conveys

sincerity, confidence, and connection. It helps to establish rapport and keeps the

listeners engaged.

+ Facial Expressions: Expressive facial gestures and expressions can convey

emotions, emphasize key points, and add nuance to the spoken words. A

speaker who uses facial expressions effectively can better convey their message

and connect with the audience on an emotional level.

2.

Attitudes:

Eloquence may be able to be shown through attitudes:

appreciation

for language and its nuances, ability to captivate and engage an audience, a

natural inclination towards public speaking or performance, desire to express

oneself clearly and effectively, emphasis on the power of words and their

impact, confidence in communication, attention to detail in language usage and

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grammar, a willingness to listen and understand others' perspectives and love of

storytelling and wordplay

3.

Emotions: Some ideas for emotions the eloquent character may experience:

charisma, charm, confidence, intelligence, persuasiveness, articulateness, wit,

gracefulness and poise.

4.

Dress and Appearance: While not directly non-verbal communication during

the speech itself, a speaker's attire and grooming can contribute to their overall

presence and credibility.

These non-verbal components work synergistically with verbal communication to

enhance the speaker's eloquence and effectiveness in delivering their message to the

audience.

2.2. Verbal components of eloquence in speaking

Verbal components of eloquence in speaking refer to the aspects of language and

speech that contribute to effective and persuasive communication. These components

include:

1.

Clarity: The ability to articulate thoughts and ideas clearly and logically. A

clear speaker uses precise language, avoids ambiguity, and ensures that their

message is easily understood by the audience.

2.

Conciseness: Being able to express ideas succinctly and to the point. Concise

speakers avoid unnecessary details and filler words, making their message more

impactful and easier to follow.

3.

Vocabulary: A rich and varied vocabulary allows speakers to choose the most

appropriate words to convey their meaning accurately and effectively. It also

enhances the depth and nuance of their communication.

4.

Grammar and Syntax: Using correct grammar and sentence structure ensures

clarity and professionalism in communication. Proper syntax helps organize

ideas coherently and facilitates understanding for the audience.

5.

Rhetorical Devices: Employing rhetorical devices such as metaphors, similes,

analogies, and alliteration can enhance the persuasiveness and appeal of a

speaker's

message.

These

devices

add

vividness,

emotional

impact,

and

memorable qualities to the speech.

6.

Tone and Style: The tone of voice and stylistic choices (e.g., formal, informal,

conversational) can influence how the message is perceived by the audience.

Adjusting tone and style appropriately

to

the context and audience helps

maintain engagement and interest.

7.

Structure

and

Organization:

A

well-structured

speech

follows

a

logical

sequence

of

introduction,

main

points,

and

conclusion.

Organizing

ideas

effectively helps the audience follow the speaker's train of thought and retain

key information.

8.

Pacing and Pause: Effective speakers vary their pacing to emphasize key

points and maintain audience engagement. Pauses can be strategically used to

allow the audience to absorb information, emphasize a point, or build suspense.

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9.

Articulation and Pronunciation: Clear articulation and correct pronunciation

ensure that words are pronounced correctly and understood clearly by the

audience. This contributes to the overall clarity and professionalism of the

speaker.

10.

Listening and Adaptability: Effective speakers listen to audience feedback

and adjust their communication style and content accordingly. They remain

adaptable and responsive to the audience's reactions and needs during the

speech.

These verbal components of eloquence collectively contribute to a speaker's ability to

convey ideas persuasively, engage their audience, and leave a lasting impact with their

communication.

When all of these elements come together, they create eloquent speech that your

audience

will

pay

attention

to.

Eloquent

speakers

are

often

seen

as

credible,

authoritative,

and

trustworthy,

which

can

be

beneficial

in

both

everyday

and

professional settings.

Eloquence in speaking skill also fosters better relationships, both personally and

professionally. People are naturally drawn to those who can express themselves

eloquently and with confidence. Your ability to communicate effectively can open

doors, create opportunities, and help you navigate challenging situations with grace

and poise. Embrace the power of eloquence in your communication, and watch how it

transforms your interactions and relationships.

IV. Roles of key components of eloquent speaking

1. Roles of non-verbal components of eloquence in speaking

1.1 Body language

Developing

body

language

as

a

non-verbal

component

of

eloquent

speaking

is

essential for enhancing communication effectiveness, establishing rapport with the

audience,

and

reinforcing

the

speaker's

message.

Body

language

encompasses

gestures, facial expressions, posture, and overall physical demeanor, all of which

convey emotions, intentions, and confidence during a speech or presentation. Here‘s

an exploration of key aspects and strategies for developing effective body language in

eloquent speaking:

Firstly, posture is foundational to projecting confidence and authority. A speaker with

good posture stands tall, shoulders relaxed, and maintains an open stance. This posture

not only exudes self-assurance but also allows for better breath control and vocal

projection. Developing proper posture involves practicing alignment of the spine,

keeping feet shoulder-width apart, and avoiding slouching or leaning, which can

detract from the speaker's credibility.

Secondly, gestures enhance verbal communication by emphasizing key points and

adding visual interest. Effective gestures are natural, purposeful, and coordinated with

speech rhythms. They can include hand movements, arm gestures, or even facial

expressions that complement the spoken words. Speakers should use gestures to

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illustrate concepts, indicate transitions, or convey emotions, ensuring they are neither

too restrained nor overly exaggerated but appropriate to the context and audience.

Moreover, eye contact establishes a connection with the audience and demonstrates

sincerity

and

engagement.

Maintaining

eye

contact

with

individuals

across

the

audience fosters a sense of connection and attentiveness. It conveys confidence and

credibility, indicating that the speaker is genuinely interested in communicating with

the listeners. Practicing natural and periodic eye contact helps speakers gauge audience

reactions and adjust their delivery accordingly, fostering a more interactive and

impactful presentation.

Furthermore, facial expressions are powerful indicators of emotion and intent in

speaking. Expressive facial gestures such as smiling, raising eyebrows, or furrowing

the brow can convey enthusiasm, empathy, or seriousness, reinforcing the spoken

message. Speakers should be mindful of facial expressions, ensuring they align with

the tone and content of their speech. Genuine and appropriate facial expressions

enhance audience engagement and comprehension, making the speaker's message

more compelling and memorable.

Additionally,

movement

and

stance

contribute

to

dynamic

and

engaging

body

language. Strategic

movement across the stage or within the speaking area

can

maintain audience interest and emphasize key points. Controlled pacing or purposeful

shifts

in

stance

can

signify

transitions

between

ideas

or

changes

in

emphasis,

enhancing the structure and flow of the presentation. Speakers should use movement

deliberately

to

maintain

energy

and

momentum,

avoiding

aimless

wandering

or

distracting gestures.

Lastly, practice and feedback are crucial for developing effective body language.

Rehearsing speeches in front of a mirror or recording sessions allows speakers to

observe their gestures, posture, and facial expressions objectively. Seeking feedback

from peers, mentors, or speech coaches provides valuable insights into areas for

improvement and helps speakers refine their body language for clarity, impact, and

professionalism.

In conclusion, developing body language as a non-verbal component of eloquent

speaking involves mastering posture, gestures, eye contact, facial expressions, and

movement.

These

elements

work

synergistically

to

enhance

communication

effectiveness, establish rapport with the audience, and reinforce the speaker's message

with clarity and confidence. By cultivating awareness, practicing techniques, and

seeking continuous improvement, speakers can elevate their body language skills and

deliver compelling and persuasive presentations that leave a lasting impression on

their audience.

.2. Attitudes

Proper attitudes in eloquent speaking encompass a range of qualities that contribute to

effective communication, connection with the audience, and the overall impact of the

message. These attitudes shape the speaker's approach, demeanor, and interaction with

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listeners,

fostering a compelling and

memorable speaking experience. Here‘s an

exploration of key attitudes essential for eloquent speaking:

Confidence forms the bedrock of eloquent speaking. A confident speaker exudes self-

assurance, projecting authority and credibility. This attitude is cultivated through

thorough preparation, knowledge of the subject matter, and belief in one‘s ability to

deliver

the

message

effectively.

Confidence

enables

the

speaker

to

engage

the

audience with clarity and conviction, instilling trust and capturing attention from the

outset.

Authenticity is paramount. Genuine speakers communicate from a place of sincerity,

aligning their words with their beliefs and values. Authenticity builds rapport with the

audience, establishing a connection based on honesty and transparency. It allows the

speaker

to convey passion and conviction

naturally, fostering a deeper

level of

engagement and resonance with listeners

who appreciate

the authenticity of the

message.

Open-mindedness is essential for effective communication. Eloquent speakers remain

receptive to diverse viewpoints and feedback, recognizing the value of different

perspectives in enriching the conversation. This attitude encourages exploration of

new ideas, stimulates intellectual curiosity, and promotes a respectful exchange of

thoughts and opinions. Open-minded speakers adapt their message to suit the audience

and context, ensuring relevance and fostering a dynamic and inclusive dialogue.

Empathy enhances the speaker‘s ability to connect emotionally with the audience.

Empathetic speakers understand and acknowledge the feelings, perspectives, and

experiences of their listeners. This attitude cultivates a supportive environment where

audience members feel understood and valued. By empathizing with their audience,

speakers can tailor their message to resonate with the emotions and interests of

listeners, making the presentation more meaningful and impactful.

Passion fuels eloquent speaking. Passionate speakers convey enthusiasm, energy, and

dedication

for

their

topic.

This

emotional

investment

captivates

the

audience‘s

attention and ignites their interest in the subject matter. Passion drives speakers to

delve deeply into their content, uncovering insights, and sharing personal anecdotes or

experiences

that

resonate

with

their

audience.

It

infuses

the

presentation

with

authenticity and sincerity, leaving a lasting impression on listeners who are inspired by

the speaker‘s genuine enthusiasm.

Respectfulness towards the audience is fundamental in eloquent speaking. Respectful

speakers

value

the

time,

attention,

and

perspectives

of

their

listeners.

They

communicate with professionalism, courtesy, and consideration, creating a positive

and inclusive atmosphere. Respectfulness fosters mutual trust and encourages active

engagement from the audience, promoting constructive dialogue and

meaningful

interactions. By respecting their audience, speakers cultivate a supportive environment

where ideas can be shared openly and respectfully.

In conclusion, proper attitudes in eloquent speaking are essential for building rapport,

engaging

the

audience,

and

delivering

a

persuasive

and

impactful

message.

By

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cultivating

confidence,

authenticity,

open-mindedness,

empathy,

passion,

and

respectfulness, speakers can elevate their communication skills and effectively connect

with listeners on a deeper level. These attitudes not only enhance the speaker‘s ability

to deliver compelling speeches but also foster meaningful relationships and inspire

positive change through effective communication.)

1.3. Emotions

Right

emotions

in

eloquent

speaking

are

integral

to

creating

a

profound

and

memorable connection with the audience. Emotions infuse speeches with authenticity,

passion, and empathy, allowing speakers to engage listeners on a deeper level and

evoke

powerful

responses.

Here‘s

an

exploration

of

key

emotions

that

enhance

eloquent speaking:

Authenticity

is

the

cornerstone

of

emotional

expression

in

speaking.

Genuine

emotions reflect the speaker‘s sincerity and belief in their message. Authentic speakers

convey emotions that align with their values and convictions, allowing them to

establish a genuine connection with the audience. Whether it‘s enthusiasm, concern, or

determination,

authentic

emotions

resonate

deeply

with

listeners,

reinforcing

the

speaker‘s credibility and enhancing the impact of their words.

Passion

fuels

eloquent

speaking

by

igniting

enthusiasm

and

energy.

Passionate

speakers exude excitement and dedication for their subject matter, inspiring and

captivating their audience. Passion drives speakers to delve deeply into their topic,

uncovering insights and sharing personal experiences that resonate with listeners‘

emotions.

It

infuses

speeches

with

vitality

and

conviction,

making

the

message

compelling and unforgettable.

Empathy enables speakers to connect empathetically with their audience‘s emotions

and perspectives. Empathetic speakers understand and acknowledge the feelings and

experiences

of

their

listeners,

demonstrating

compassion

and

sensitivity

in

their

delivery. By empathizing with their audience, speakers can tailor their message to

address concerns, evoke empathy, and inspire action. Empathy fosters a supportive

atmosphere where listeners feel understood and valued, enhancing the overall impact

of the speech.

Inspiration motivates listeners by offering hope, encouragement, and vision for the

future. Inspirational speakers uplift and empower their audience through stories of

resilience, success, or shared values. They convey optimism and confidence in their

message,

inspiring

listeners

to

embrace

change,

pursue

goals,

and

overcome

challenges. Inspirational speeches resonate emotionally with the audience, leaving

them feeling empowered and motivated to take positive action.

Gratitude acknowledges the importance of the audience‘s support, attention, and

participation. Grateful speakers express appreciation for the opportunity to speak and

connect with their listeners. They recognize the contributions of others, whether it‘s

colleagues, mentors, or audience members, and show genuine gratitude for their

support and encouragement. Gratitude fosters a sense of reciprocity and mutual

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respect, creating a positive and supportive atmosphere that enhances the audience‘s

receptiveness to the speaker‘s message.

Hope instills optimism and confidence in the audience‘s ability to create positive

change. Hopeful speakers convey a vision for a better future, inspiring listeners to

believe in their potential and work towards common goals. They share stories of

progress, resilience, and perseverance, offering reassurance and encouragement during

challenging

times.

Hopeful

speeches

uplift

spirits,

ignite

passion,

and

mobilize

individuals and communities to take collective action for positive change.

To

conclude,

proper

emotions

in

eloquent

speaking

are

essential

for

creating

a

meaningful and impactful connection with the audience. By cultivating authenticity,

passion, empathy, inspiration, gratitude, and hope, speakers can engage listeners

emotionally, convey their message with conviction, and inspire positive action and

change. Emotions not only enhance the speaker‘s delivery but also foster a deeper

understanding, connection, and resonance

with the audience,

making the speech

memorable and transformative.

2. Roles of verbal components of eloquence in speaking

2.1. Tone

Improving tone in eloquent speaking is a multifaceted endeavor that goes beyond mere

vocal modulation. It involves a nuanced approach to how one uses their voice to

convey

meaning,

emotion,

and

engagement

effectively

to

an

audience.

Tone

encompasses various elements such as pitch, pace, volume, emphasis, and intonation,

all of which play crucial roles in shaping the impact and reception of a speaker's

message.

At its core, tone in speaking reflects the speaker's attitude, emotion, and intent. A well-

developed tone can captivate listeners, evoke emotions, emphasize key points, and

ultimately persuade or inspire action. To enhance tone in eloquent speaking, several

strategies and practices can be adopted:

Firstly, varying pitch and intonation is essential. Monotonous delivery can dull the

listener's interest and diminish the impact of the message. By consciously varying

pitch—raising or lowering the voice at appropriate moments—and using intonation to

convey enthusiasm, curiosity, or urgency, a speaker can inject vitality and depth into

their speech. For instance, a rising pitch can signify a question or curiosity, while a

falling pitch can indicate certainty or conclusion.

Secondly, controlling pace and rhythm is crucial. A moderate pace allows listeners

to absorb information effectively, while occasional pauses can add emphasis and allow

for reflection. Rapid speech may convey excitement or urgency, but it should be

balanced

with

slower

moments

to

ensure

clarity

and

comprehension.

Effective

speakers

use

pace

strategically

to

maintain

engagement

and

guide

the

audience

through their narrative or argument.

Thirdly, managing volume is key to commanding attention and conveying emotion.

Adjusting volume appropriately can emphasize important points, create drama, or

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draw listeners closer in quieter, more intimate moments. Volume control also helps in

maintaining clarity and ensuring that every word reaches the audience clearly without

overwhelming or losing impact.

Moreover, emphasis on key words and phrases enhances clarity and reinforces the

speaker's main points. By slightly emphasizing certain words through changes in pitch,

volume, or duration, speakers can highlight their significance and guide the audience's

understanding and retention of crucial information.

Furthermore, adapting tone to the audience and context is essential for effective

communication. Speakers should consider the cultural, social, and emotional context

of their listeners when determining the appropriate tone. A formal setting may require

a more restrained and polished tone, while a casual conversation or motivational

speech might benefit from a more relaxed and conversational approach.

Additionally, practicing mindfulness of tone during speech preparation and delivery

can significantly improve eloquence. This involves being aware of how one's tone

aligns with the intended message and adjusting it consciously to achieve the desired

impact. Recording and reviewing speeches can provide valuable insights into areas

where tone can be refined and strengthened.

Ultimately, improving tone in eloquent speaking is a continuous process of self-

awareness, practice, and refinement. It requires sensitivity to nuances of voice and a

commitment to effectively conveying emotions, intentions, and ideas to engage and

inspire listeners. By mastering tone, speakers can elevate their communication skills,

foster deeper connections with their audience, and leave a lasting impression through

their eloquence.

2.2. Pace

Improving

pace

in

eloquent

speaking

is

a

fundamental

aspect

of

effective

communication that can significantly enhance audience engagement, comprehension,

and the overall impact of a message. Pace refers to the speed at which a speaker

delivers their words and how they manage transitions between ideas. A well-regulated

pace allows speakers to maintain the audience's interest, emphasize key points, and

effectively convey the intended emotions and nuances of their message.

First and foremost, varying pace throughout a speech or presentation is crucial. A

consistent pace can lead to monotony and diminish the listener's attention over time.

By deliberately speeding up or slowing down at strategic moments, speakers can

create emphasis, build suspense, or convey urgency. For instance, a rapid pace might

be used to express excitement or enthusiasm, whereas a slower pace can emphasize

important details or allow listeners to absorb complex information.

Secondly,

matching

pace

to

content

complexity

is

essential.

When

discussing

intricate

or

technical

information,

slowing

down

can

help

ensure

clarity

and

comprehension. Conversely, when summarizing straightforward concepts or delivering

anecdotes, a quicker pace can maintain momentum and engagement. Adapting pace

based on the complexity of the content allows speakers to effectively guide the

audience through varying levels of detail and depth.

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Moreover, incorporating pauses is a powerful technique in managing pace. Pauses

can

serve

multiple

purposes,

such

as

allowing

listeners

to

digest

information,

emphasizing key points, or signaling transitions between ideas. Well-timed pauses also

provide the speaker with a moment to gather thoughts, enhance suspense, or invite

reflection from the audience. Effective speakers utilize pauses strategically to enhance

the overall rhythm and flow of their speech.

Furthermore, practicing smooth transitions between different segments of a speech

helps maintain a coherent pace. Abrupt shifts or hesitations can disrupt the listener's

understanding and detract from the speaker's credibility. Smooth transitions involve

seamlessly

connecting

ideas

through

logical

progression,

effectively

guiding

the

audience from one point to the next without losing momentum.

Additionally, considering audience reaction and engagement is crucial in pacing.

Observing

audience

cues,

such

as

nodding,

leaning

forward,

or

expressions

of

confusion, can provide valuable feedback on whether to adjust pace. Responding

dynamically

to

audience

reactions

ensures

that

the

pace

remains

engaging

and

responsive to listeners' needs throughout the presentation.

Moreover, preparation and rehearsal play a pivotal role in improving pace. By

practicing speeches multiple times, speakers can refine their delivery, internalize

pacing variations, and identify areas where adjustments are needed. Recording practice

sessions allows speakers to review their pacing objectively and make necessary

refinements to enhance overall effectiveness.

Lastly, self-awareness and reflection are key to continuous improvement in pacing.

Speakers should reflect on their pacing strategies after each presentation, identifying

strengths and areas for growth. Seeking feedback from peers, mentors, or trusted

individuals can provide valuable insights and perspectives for refining pace and

enhancing overall eloquence in speaking.

In conclusion, improving pace in eloquent speaking requires a balanced approach of

variation, adaptation, practice, and responsiveness to audience dynamics. By mastering

pace as a skill, speakers can effectively capture and maintain audience attention,

convey their message with clarity and impact, and ultimately achieve greater influence

and connection through their spoken communication.

2.3. Clarity

Improving clarity in eloquent speaking is essential for effectively conveying ideas,

engaging audiences, and ensuring that the message is understood and remembered.

Clarity

encompasses

various

aspects

of

communication,

including

articulation,

structure, coherence, and the use of language. A clear and concise delivery not only

enhances the speaker's credibility but also facilitates audience comprehension and

retention of key information.

First

and

foremost,

articulation

and

pronunciation

are

foundational

to

clarity.

Properly enunciating words and pronouncing them clearly ensures that each syllable is

heard distinctly. Speakers should pay attention to consonants, vowels, and diphthongs,

14

avoiding mumbling or rushing through words. Practice exercises such as tongue

twisters or vocal warm-ups can help improve articulation and refine pronunciation.

Secondly, structure and organization contribute significantly to clarity in speaking.

A well-structured speech or presentation follows a logical progression of ideas, with

clear introductions, main points, and conclusions. Organizing content into cohesive

sections or using visual aids such as outlines and slides can help guide listeners

through complex information and ensure that each point is clearly articulated and

understood.

Moreover, simplicity and conciseness are key principles in achieving clarity. Using

straightforward language and avoiding unnecessary jargon or technical terms ensures

that

the

message

is

accessible

to

all

listeners.

Speakers

should

aim

to

convey

information in a concise manner, focusing on essential details and avoiding verbosity

or tangential discussions that can confuse or overwhelm the audience.

Additionally, visual aids and examples can enhance clarity by providing concrete

illustrations

of

abstract

concepts

or

data.

Charts,

graphs,

images,

and

real-life

examples help listeners visualize information, making complex ideas easier to grasp

and remember. When using visual aids, speakers should ensure they are clear, relevant,

and complement the spoken content without overshadowing it.

Furthermore, repetition and reinforcement of key points aid in clarity and retention.

Strategic repetition of essential ideas or phrases reinforces their importance and helps

listeners

retain

information.

However,

repetition

should

be

used

sparingly

and

purposefully to avoid monotony and maintain audience engagement.

Additionally, active listening and responsiveness contribute to clarity in speaking.

Paying attention to audience reactions, questions, and non-verbal cues allows speakers

to gauge comprehension levels and adjust their delivery accordingly. Responding to

audience feedback with clarifications or additional examples ensures that any potential

misunderstandings are addressed promptly.

Furthermore, practicing self-awareness is crucial for improving clarity. Speakers

should reflect on their own speaking habits, identify areas of improvement, and

actively work to refine their communication skills. Recording and reviewing speeches

can provide valuable insights into speech patterns, pacing, and areas where clarity can

be enhanced.

Lastly, seeking constructive feedback from peers, mentors, or audience members can

offer valuable perspectives on clarity and effectiveness in speaking. Feedback allows

speakers to identify blind spots, refine their delivery, and continuously improve their

ability to communicate with clarity and impact.

In short, improving clarity in eloquent speaking involves

mastering articulation,

structuring content effectively, using simplicity and conciseness, leveraging visual aids

and examples, reinforcing key points, actively listening and responding to audience

needs, practicing self-awareness, and seeking feedback. By honing these skills and

strategies, speakers can confidently deliver their messages with clarity, coherence, and

15

effectiveness,

ensuring

meaningful

engagement

and

comprehension

among

their

listeners.

2.4. Grammar and syntax

Enhancing

grammar

and

syntax

in

eloquent

speaking

is

crucial

for

effectively

communicating ideas with clarity, precision, and professionalism. Grammar refers to

the structure of sentences and the correct usage of words, while syntax deals with the

arrangement of words and phrases to form coherent sentences and paragraphs. Mastery

of grammar and syntax enables speakers to convey their message articulately and

persuasively, capturing the audience's attention and enhancing the overall impact of

their speech.

Firstly, clarity and precision are hallmarks of effective grammar and syntax in

speaking. Clear grammar ensures that each word is used accurately and in the right

context, eliminating ambiguity and enhancing understanding. Proper syntax organizes

ideas logically, allowing listeners to follow the speaker's train of thought effortlessly.

When

grammar

and

syntax

are

sound,

the

message

is

conveyed

concisely

and

effectively, leaving no room for misinterpretation or confusion.

Secondly, variety and sophistication in language usage contribute to eloquence.

Skillful speakers employ a diverse vocabulary and sentence structures to express ideas

with nuance and depth. They use transitions, conjunctions, and punctuation effectively

to

connect

thoughts

and

create

a

smooth

flow

of

ideas.

This

variety

enhances

engagement and maintains the audience's interest throughout the speech.

Moreover, accuracy and correctness underscore credibility in speaking. Speakers

who

demonstrate

mastery

of

grammar

and

syntax

project

professionalism

and

authority. Correct usage of grammar rules, such as subject-verb agreement, tense

consistency, and pronoun clarity, ensures that the message is delivered accurately and

persuasively. Errors in grammar or syntax can detract from the speaker's credibility

and distract listeners from the substance of the speech.

Additionally, practice and refinement are essential for improving grammar and

syntax in speaking. Speakers should dedicate time to study grammar rules, review

syntax

guidelines,

and

practice

constructing

sentences

and

delivering

speeches.

Rehearsing speeches allows speakers to identify and correct grammar errors, refine

sentence structure, and polish language use for clarity and impact.

Furthermore, feedback and revision play a vital role in enhancing grammar and

syntax. Seeking feedback from peers, mentors, or speech coaches provides valuable

insights into areas for improvement. Constructive feedback helps speakers identify

recurring grammar issues or syntax challenges and develop strategies to address them

effectively. Revising speeches based on feedback ensures that grammar and syntax

errors are corrected, enhancing overall fluency and coherence in delivery.

Lastly, awareness of audience and context guides effective language use in speaking.

Speakers should adapt their grammar and syntax to suit the audience's language

proficiency, cultural background, and communication preferences. Tailoring language

16

use

to

the

context

of

the

speech—whether

formal,

informal,

technical,

or

conversational—enhances audience engagement and comprehension.

To

conclude,

enhancing

grammar

and

syntax

in

eloquent

speaking

requires

a

commitment to clarity, precision, variety, accuracy, practice, feedback, and audience

awareness. Mastery of grammar and syntax empowers speakers to articulate ideas

effectively, engage listeners attentively, and convey messages with professionalism

and impact. By continuously refining language skills and adapting communication

strategies, speakers can elevate their speaking abilities and deliver compelling and

persuasive speeches that leave a lasting impression on their audience.

2.5. Vocabulary

Vocabulary is crucial in speaking eloquently as it serves as the bedrock of effective

communication. A robust lexicon empowers speakers to articulate thoughts with

precision and clarity, selecting words that convey nuanced meanings and subtle

distinctions. This ability enhances the speaker's capacity to express complex ideas

persuasively, engaging listeners on intellectual and emotional levels. Moreover, a rich

vocabulary

lends

credibility

and

authority,

showcasing

mastery

of

language

and

subject matter. It enables speakers to adapt their communication style to diverse

audiences and contexts, fostering versatility

and ensuring impactful engagement.

Ultimately, proficiency in vocabulary enriches communication, elevates discourse, and

plays a pivotal role in achieving clarity, coherence, and eloquence in speech.

Below are some strategies to enrich vocabulary and increase the effectiveness of using

vocabulary in eloquent speaking.

2.5.1. Topic-related Vocabularies

The breadth of our vocabulary reflects the richness of our language in terms of word

variety. Demonstrating a diverse vocabulary necessitates familiarity with specialized

terms relevant to specific subjects. Learning foundational vocabulary associated with

various fields and industries enables precise expression tailored to the topic at hand.

For instance, when writing about ―employment‖, using terms such as "workforce",

"profession", "recruitment", ―career‖ and "promotion" enhances clarity and relevance

to the subject.

After reviewing the speaking topics for gifted students, I categorized them into five

primary

themes:

Technology,

Education,

Environment,

Family,

Globalization.

Subsequently, I have gathered specific words, phrases, idioms, phrasal verbs, and other

linguistic elements relevant to these main topics and others. These resources are

compiled to assist students in expanding their language proficiency, providing ready-

made lexical tools that students can utilize during their language learning journey.

TOPIC: TECHNOLOGY

WORDS AND STRUCTURES

No

Word/

structure

Transcription

Meaning

Example

1

backup

/

ˈ

bæk

ʌ

p/

a copy of a file, etc. that

can be used if the original

Always make a backup of

your work.

17

is lost or damaged

2

information

superhighway

/

ɪ

n.f

ə ˌ

me

ɪ

.

ʃ

ə

n

su

ː

.p

ə ˈ

ha

ɪ

.

we

ɪ

/

the

internet

and

other

systems that allow people

to

share

information

electronically

The

information

superhighway is becoming a

crucial tool in education.

3

expedite

/

ˈ

ek.sp

ə

.da

ɪ

t

/

make the process of sth

happen more quickly

Online assessment programs

have expedited the process of

evaluating

students‘

performance.

4

the forefront

/

ˈ

f

ɔ ː

.fr

ʌ

nt/

the

most

noticeable

or

important position

First-world nations are at the

forefront of developing new

technology

to

address

CO2

emissions.

5

a

quantum

leap

/

ə ˈ

kw

ɒ

n.t

ə

m

li

ː

p/

an

enormous

change,

increase, or improvement

2018 saw technology take a

quantum

leap

to

touch

virtually every aspect of our

lives.

6

digitally

literate

/

ˈ

d

ɪ

d

ʒ

.

ɪ

.t

ə

l.

i

ˈ

l

ɪ

t.

ə

r.

ə

t/

having

the

skills

needed

to live, learn, and work in

a

society

where

communication

and

access

to

information

is

increasingly

through

digital technologies

Being digitally literate is a

must in a world of increasing

technological penetration.

7

technological

marvel

/

ˌ

tek.n

ə ˈ

l

ɒ

d

ʒ

.

ɪ

.k

ə

l

ˈ

m

ɑ ː

.v

ə

l/

an invention that causes a

lot of admiration

Smartphones are considered

a technological marvel of the

twenty-first century.

8

big tech/ tech

giants

major

technology

companies such as Apple,

Google,

Amazon

and

Facebook

Tech giants have drastically

transformed

the

way

we

exchange information.

9

infodemic

/

ˌ

ɪ

n.f

ə ˈ

dem

.

ɪ

k/

a situation in which a lot

of

false

information

is

being spread in a way that

is harmful

As the coronavirus spreads,

so

does

an

infodemic

of

misinformation.

10

screen-time

/

ˈ

skri

ː

n

ˌ

ta

ɪ

m/

the

amount

of

time

someone

spends

looking

at

an

electronic

device

with a screen, such as a

computer or television

As screentime has replaced

playtime, children nowadays

face

such

severe

health

issues

as

cardiovascular

diseases and obesity.

11

cybersecurity

/

ˌ

sa

ɪ

.b

ə

.s

ɪ

things

that

are

done

to

There

is

a

need

to

bolster

18

ˈ

kj

ʊ ə

.r

ə

.ti/

protect

a

person,

organization,

or

country

and

their

computer

information against crime

or

attacks

carried

out

using the internet

cybersecurity since more and

more people engage in online

activities.

12

game

changers

/

ˈ

ɡ

e

ɪ

m

ˌ

t

ʃ

e

ɪ

n.d

ʒ ə

r

/

something

such

as

a

product

or

event

that

affects a situation or area

of business very much

New

technologies

are

big

game

changers

in

many

industries.

13

technophobe

/

ˈ

tek.n

ə

.f

ə ʊ

b/

someone

who

dislikes

new

technology,

especially computers, and

is not able to use it with

confidence

Being a technophobe never

stands

you

in

good

stead

when applying for a job in

this modern era

14

technophile

/

ˈ

tekn

ə

fa

ɪ

l/

a person who is interested

in modern technology and

enjoys using it

Technophiles always snap up

the latest iPhone version as

soon as it is out.

15

techie

/

ˈ

tek.i/

someone who knows a lot

about computers or other

electronic equipment

Even if they are not techies,

people use the Internet daily.

18

phishing

/

ˈ

f

ɪ

ʃ

.

ɪ

ŋ/

an

attempt

to

trick

someone

into

giving

information

over

the

internet or by email that

would allow someone else

to take money from them

Phishing emails can look as

if they come from a real bank

email address.

19

digital detox

/

ˌ

d

ɪ

d

ʒ

.

ɪ

.t

ə

l

ˈ

di

ː

.t

ɒ

ks/

a

period

of

time

during

which

you

do

not

use

mobile

phones,

computers,

etc.,

because

you

usually

use

these

devices too much

You

must

have

a

digital

detox right now or you will

waste

half

of

your

life

looking at the screen.

20

empower

/

ɪ

m

ˈ

pa

ʊ ə

r/

to give someone official

authority or the freedom

to do something

The study demonstrated the

high

cost

of

constructing

consensus,

because

it

empowered some groups at

the expense of others.

IDIOMS

19

No

Idiom

Meaning

Example

1

It's

not

rocket

science.

used to say that you do not

think that something is very

difficult

to

do

or

to

understand

Whenever my parents complain about

Facebook being hard to use, I tell them

it’s not rocket science.

2

at the push of a

button

very easily

During

the

pandemic,

one

can

shop

groceries online at the push of a button.

3

acid test

the true test of the value of

something

Many green energy sources have been

put forward, but few passed the acid

test.

4

lightyears ahead

much

more

advanced

than

others

The new electric car is lightyears ahead

in the field of vehicle technology.

5

move

with

the

times

to change and become more

modern, because attitudes or

fashions are changing

The

fashion

industry

needs

to

move

with

the

times

by

catering

environmentally

friendly

clothing

for

concerned citizens.

6

reinvent

the

wheel

to waste time trying to create

something that someone else

has already created

Some

products

are

efforts

of

reinventing the wheel.

7

stand

the

test

of

time

If something stands the test

of

time,

it

is

still

popular,

strong, etc. after a long time

As

technology

undergoes

constant

innovations,

hardly

any

inventions

stand the test of time.

8

Bells

And

Whistles

additional fancy features and

extras that

make a product

very attractive

Manufacturers

still

build

luxury

cars

with all the bells and whistles.

9

be

going

strong

to continue to exist and be

successful or work well, after

a long period

The

advent

of

e-books

could

have

meant the end of libraries, but they are

still going strong over half a century

later.

10

a breath of fresh

air

someone or something that is

new and different and makes

everything

seem

more

exciting

The

invention

of

air-conditioners

remains a breath of fresh air as it does

wonders for our quality of life.

PHRASAL VERBS

No

Phrasal

verb

Meaning

Example

1

hack into

to gain unauthorized entry to (a

computer

system),

particularly

by

exploiting

little-known

weaknesses

Someone hacked into my bank and stole

millions of dollars.

20

2

pop up

to appear or happen, especially

suddenly or unexpectedly

When

we

open

random

webs,

inappropriate advertisements and images

may pop up.

3

take over

to

begin

to

have

control

of

something

Some

workers

will

lose

their

jobs

as

machines take over.

TOPIC: EDUCATION

WORDS AND STRUCTURES

No

Word/ structure

Transcription

Meaning

Example

1

tertiary education

/

ˌ

t

ɜ ː

ʃ

ə

ri

ed

ʒ

u

ˈ

ke

ɪ

ʃ

n/

education

for

people

above

school

age,

including

college,

university

and

training

courses

for

particular jobs

The

policy

improves

access

to

tertiary

education.

2

academic

transcript

/

ˌ

æk

ə ˈ

dem

ɪ

k

ˈ

trænskr

ɪ

pt/

Documentation

of

a

student's

permanent

academic

record,

which usually means

all courses taken, all

grades

received,

all

honors. received, and

degrees conferred to a

student

An academic transcript

is usually issued by your

institution's

academic

registrar

or

registry

department

(or

equivalent)

3

continuous

assessment

/k

ə

n

ˌ

t

ɪ

n.ju.

ə

s

ə ˈ

ses.m

ə

nt/

the

system

in

which

the

quality

of

a

student's

work

is

judged

by

various

pieces of work during

a course and not by

one final exam

Neither

these

head

teachers

nor

the

education

authority

consider

teachers'

own

continuous

assessment

to be sufficient.

4

comprehensive

/

ˌ

k

ɒ

m.pr

ɪ

ˈ

he

n.s

ɪ

v/

complete

and

including

everything

that is necessary

On

the

upper

level

of

comprehensive

school

the

content

items

presented

differed

slightly

from

the

preceding phase.

5

cram

/kræm/

to try to learn a lot

very

quickly

before

an exam

Maybe

some

of

the

students,

having

been

crammed at school, are

trying

to

keep

up

at

university.

21

6

mettle

/met.

ə

l/

ability

and

determination

to

do

something difficult

The

school

children

have

also

shown

their

mettle under fire.

7

exam-taking

expert

people

that

are

very

good at taking exams

8

learning strategy

plan for your learning

9

idle

/

ˈ

a

ɪ

.d

ə

l/

lazy

and

not

willing

to work

He's a very able student,

he's

just

bone

idle

(=

very lazy).

10

(short/long)

attention span

the length of time that

someone

can

keep

their

thoughts

and

interest

fixed

on

something

Young

children

have

quite

short

attention

spans.

11

rote learning

learning something in

order

to

be

able

to

repeat

it

from

memory,

rather

than

in order to understand

it

Rote learning enhances

students‘

ability

to

quickly recall basic facts

and

helps

develop

foundational knowledge

of a topic.

12

stint

/st

ɪ

nt/

a

fixed

or

limited

period of time spent

doing a particular job

or activity

He

has

just

finished

a

stint

of

compulsory

military service.

13

obligate

/

ˈ

ɑ

b·l

ə ˌ

ɡ

e

ɪ

t/

to make someone feel

morally

or

legally

forced

to

do

something

I felt obligated to speak

up

and

defend

my

friend‘s reputation.

14

altruism

/

ˈ

æl.tru.

ɪ

.z

ə

m/

willingness

to

do

things

that

bring

advantages to others,

even

if

it

results

in

disadvantage

for

yourself

The teaching of altruism

is attributed to improved

mood

and

behavior

in

children.

15

sedentary

/

ˈ

sed.

ə

n.t

ə

r.i/

involving

little

exercise

or

physical

activity

Self-reported

data

indicated that university

students

spend

7.29

hours

per

day

being

sedentary.

16

beneficiary

/

ˌ

ben.

ə ˈ

f

ɪ

ʃ

.

ə

r.i/

a

person

or

group

who receives money,

They

were

the

beneficiaries

of

free

22

advantages, etc. as a

result

of

something

else

education.

17

Coercion

Coerce

/k

ə ʊ ˈ

ɜ ː

.

ʃ

ə

n/

the

use

of

force

to

persuade someone to

do

something

that

they are unwilling to

do

A chief reason why so

many schools achieve so

little education of value

is that they already rely

too much on coercion.

18

perfunctory

/p

ə ˈ

f

ʌ

ŋk.t

ə

r.i/

done quickly, without

taking care or interest

They

conducted

a

perfunctory

examination.

19

counterproductive

/

ˌ

ka

ʊ

n.t

ə

.pr

ə ˈ

d

ʌ

k.t

ɪ

v/

having an effect that

is opposite to the one

intended or wanted

The

common

emphasis

on

practical

problem-

solving and measurable

improvements in student

achievement is not only

unhelpfully

short-

sighted

but

also

potentially

counterproductive.

20

volition

of

one‘s

own

volition

/v

ə ˈ

l

ɪ

ʃ

.

ə

n/

the

power

to

make

your own decisions

Many students, with the

help of their parents and

teachers, or on their own

volition,

do

set

themselves goals

IDIOMS

No

Idiom

Meaning

1

exclusive territory

a place/ field that is only for a group of people

2

test one‘s mettle

test the ability and determination to do something difficult

3

a cool head

composure/ calmness

4

on the rise

becoming more popular

5

ace the test

to get a very high score on a test

6

burn

the

midnight

oil

to work late into the night

7

burn the candles at

both ends

to work or do other things from early in the morning until late at

night and so get very little rest

8

hit the books

to begin to study in a serious and determined way

9

pass

with

flying

colors

to get a very high score on a test

10

couch potato

a person who watches a lot of television and does not have an

active life

23

PHRASAL VERBS

No

Phrasal verb

Meaning

1

go through

to experience a difficult or unpleasant situation

2

slog away

to work hard over a long period, especially doing work that is difficult

or boring

3

hammer away

to work without stopping and with a lot of effort

4

scrape

through

to succeed in something but with a lot of difficulty

5

rule on

to deliver or pronounce an official or formal judgment or decision

regarding

6

dole out

to give out something to appropriate individuals

Teachers doled pencils out to the students.

8

break down

if a system, relationship, or discussion breaks down, it fails because

there is a problem or disagreement

9

go through

to experience a difficult or unpleasant situation

10

comply with

adhere to

conform to

to act according to an order, set of rules, or request

TOPIC: FAMILY

WORDS AND STRUCTURES

No

Word/

structure

Transcription

Meaning

Example

1

filial piety

/

ˈ

f

ɪ

l.i.

ə

l/

the idea that parents,

grandparents, and older

people should be treated

with honor and respect

When the virtue of filial piety

and respect for parents and

teachers is expanded, it

becomes compassion.

2

compulsion

/k

ə

m

ˈ

p

ʌ

l.

ʃ

ə

n/

a force that

makes

you

do something

Don't

feel

under

any

compulsion

to

take

me

with

you.

3

excessively

pressurized

/ek

ˈ

ses.

ɪ

v.li

difficult to deal with, too

much stress

He has performed best under

such an excessively pressurized

circumstances.

4

deleterious

/

ˌ

del.

ɪ

ˈ

t

ɪ

ə

.

ri.

ə

s/

harmful

Parents giving no attention to

their

children

has

even

far

more deleterious effects on the

them.

5

pushy

parenting

/

ˈ

p

ʊ ʃ

.i

pe

ə

.r

ə

n.t

ɪ

ŋ/

an overbearing parenting

style

in

which

parents

either care too much for

There could be several reasons

for

this

and

I

believe

pushy

parenting, no matter how well-

24

their child and think they

should

control

and

monitor

all

the

actions

their child does

intentioned, tends to do more

harm than good.

6

tiger mom

/

ˈ

ta

ɪ

.

ɡ ə

r

m

ɒ

m/

a

strict

and

demanding

mother

She

is

a

super-competitive

tiger mom.

7

a fine line

a very small difference

Parents should be aware of the

fine

line

between

caring

and

caring too much.

8

star of the

class

the

brightest

and

most

intelligent student

Many

parents

want

their

children to be the star of the

class and the top of the school.

9

utmost

potential

/

ˈ

ʌ

t.m

ə ʊ

st

p

ə ˈ

ten.

ʃ

ə

l/

the hidden abilities

Thanks to her mother, she was

able

to

reach

her

utmost

potential in singing.

10

be

burdened

with

to

be

caused

to

experience

hardship

or

distress.

Children in this day and age

are increasingly burdened with

their parents‘ expectations.

11

go astray

become lost or mislaid

Without

parents‘

orientation,

these children may have gone

astray.

12

mental

breakdown

/

ˈ

men.t

ə

l

bre

ɪ

k.da

ʊ

n/

a

period

of

extreme

mental

or

emotional

stress

Take a rest or you may suffer

from a mental breakdown.

13

child-

rearing

style

standard

strategies

that

parents use in their child

rearing

The Greens family has a weird

child-rearing style.

14

a race for

success

a competition to see who

is the most successful

Children are constantly put into

a cut-throat race for success.

15

fixation

/f

ɪ

k

ˈ

se

ɪ

.

ʃ

ə

n/

the state of being unable

to

stop

thinking

about

something

Researchers

discovered

a

fixation

on

grades

and

involvement

in

excessive

activities

can

work

against

helping

kids

become

well-

adjusted and successful later in

life.

16

jeopardize

/

ˈ

d

ʒ

ep.

ə

.da

ɪ

z/

put sth or sb in danger

She knew that by failing her

finals she could jeopardize her

whole future.

17

constitute a

hazard

jeopardize

Putting

excessive

stress

on

children

may

constitute

a

25

hazard to themselves.

18

a balancing

act

an attempt to handle or

deal with two or more

things

Every family member should

perform a balancing act

between the virtual world and

real life communication with

other members.

IDIOMS

No

Idiom

Meaning

Example

1

under the

gun

under

a

lot

of pressure to

get something done

The children are constantly under the gun to

get the highest marks.

2

push the

boundaries

to

extend

beyond

the

established

norms

or

constrains of something

Provided

with

a

favorable

environment,

children

will

be

able

to

push

beyond

the

boundaries and reach their full potential.

3

kith and kin

friends and relatives

They invited all their kith and kin to their new

home.

4

fall through

the cracks

to

fail

to

be

noticed,

assisted,

or

included

with

others

There

are

times

when

the

one-on-one

communication between human beings falls

through the cracks.

5

rule the roost

to be in charge

In that family it is the grandma who rules the

roost.

6

born out of

wedlock

illegitimate,

born

to

unmarried parents

I was born out of wedlock and raised by a

single mother.

7

helicopter

parenting

overattentive child-raising

The

trend

these

days

is

toward

helicopter

parenting. When I was young children had

much

more

independence,

and

I

think

it

helped them.

PHRASAL VERBS

No

Phrasal

verb

Meaning

Example

1

ease off/up

to reduce pressure; to become

less serious

The pressure should ease up soon.

2

buckle under

to succumb to pressure or stress.

Karen buckled under pressure of being a

student council president and resigned

from her post.

3

carve out

establish

a

career,

role,

or

reputation

for

oneself

through

hard work

It is a good intention to help children

carve out their future.

TOPIC: ENVIRONMENT

26

WORDS AND STRUCTURES

No

Word/

structure

Transcription

Meaning

Example

1

eco-anxiety

/ i

ː

k

ə ʊ

æŋ

ˈ

za

ɪ

ə

ti/

refer

to

persistent

worries

about

the

future of Earth and

the life it shelters

Eco-anxiety is on the rise

and young people seem to

be

some

of

the

worst

affected.

2

collateral

/k

ə ˈ

læt.

ə

r.

ə

l/

connected

but

less

important, or of the

same

family

although not directly

related

Environmental

disaster

is

the

biggest

mental

health

issue of our lifetimes and

in our war against nature

young

minds

are

the

collateral damage.

3

hyper-

consumptive

/

ˌ

ha

ɪ

p

ə

k

ə

n

ˈ

s

ʌ

mp.t

ɪ

v/

of

the

consumption

of

goods

for

non-

functional

purposes

and

the

associated

significant

pressure

to

consume

those

goods

Numbing

yourself

to

our

hyper-consumptive culture,

sleepwalking, even though

the

science

tells

us

that

we're

hurtling

toward

the

cliff.

4

curb

/k

ɜ ː

b/

to

control

or

limit

something that is not

wanted

The

governments

have

gone

to

great

lengths

to

curb pollution.

5

uninhabitable

/

ˌ

ʌ

n.

ɪ

n

ˈ

hæb.

ɪ

.t

ə

.b

ə

l/

not

habitable

(=

suitable to live in)

Many people believe that

climate change will render

the Earth uninhabitable.

6

low-lying

/

ˌ

l

ə ʊ ˈ

la

ɪ

.

ɪ

ŋ/

at or near sea level

Low-lying areas are prone

to flooding.

7

unprecedented

/

ʌ

n

ˈ

pres.

ɪ

.den.t

ɪ

d/

never

having

happened or existed

in the past

This century has witnessed

environmental

destruction

on an unprecedented scale.

8

tipping point

/

ˈ

t

ɪ

p.

ɪ

ŋ

ˌ

p

ɔ ɪ

nt/

the time at which a

change or an effect

cannot be stopped

The

earth

has

already

passed the tipping point in

terms of global warming.

9

offset

/

ˌ

ɒ

f

ˈ

set/

to pay for things that

will

reduce

carbon

dioxide

in

order

to

reduce

the

damage

caused by CO2

We offset all our long-haul

flights.

10

grassroots

/

ˈ

ɡ

r

ɑ ː

s.ru

ː

ts/

involving

the

ordinary people in a

Getting

involved

with

grassroots

activism,

27

society

or

an

organization

together

with

banging

on

about

climate

change

on

social

media,

is

an

excellent approach to curb

environmental impact.

11

disposable

/d

ɪ

ˈ

sp

ə ʊ

.z

ə

.b

ə

l/

a disposable product

is

intended

to

be

thrown

away

after

use

A

lot

of

disposable

cups

were thrown away after the

party.

12

indiscriminately

/

ˌ

ɪ

n.d

ɪ

ˈ

skr

ɪ

m.

ɪ

.n

ə

t.li/

in a way that does

not

show

careful

choice

or

planning,

usually with harmful

results

In

many

cultures,

people

kill

wild

animals

indiscriminately

just

for

leisure.

13

calamitous

/k

ə ˈ

læm.

ɪ

.t

ə

s/

causing

great

damage or suffering

Global

warming

of

five

degrees

could

be

calamitous.

14

collective

/k

ə ˈ

lek.t

ɪ

v/

of

or

shared

by

every member of a

group of people

Environmental

pollution

calls for a collective effort

from

the

powers

that

be

and the grassroots.

15

inferno

/

ɪ

n

ˈ

f

ɜ ː

.n

ə ʊ

/

a

very

large

uncontrolled fire

One billion animals

were

incinerated by the inferno.

IDIOMS

No

Idiom

Meaning

Example

1

not come cheap

of

good

quality

and

is

therefore expensive.

Installation of solar panels is an excellent

way to generate green energy, but it doesn’t

come cheap.

2

off-the-grid

not connected to any of

the

main

utilities

and

having

your

own

power

and water supply

I‘ve always wanted to go on an off-the-grid

vacation to have a digital detox.

3

the tip of the

iceberg

a small, noticeable part of

a problem, the total size

of which is really much

greater

The immediate effects of climate change in

the polar regions are merely the tip of the

iceberg-ultimately,

they

have

profound

effects

on

climate

and

communities

worldwide.

4

It's now or

never

said

when

you

must

do

something

immediately,

especially

because

you

It’s now or never to curb global heating and

prevent catastrophe.

28

will

not

get

another

chance

5

get back to

nature

to

start

living

a

more

simple

life,

often

in the

country

It‘s beneficial to get back to nature once in a

while to stay away from the hustle and bustle

of big cities.

6

empty promise

a

promise

that

is

either

not

going

to

be

carried

out,

worthless

or

meaningless

That

is

another

empty

promise-another

promise

unfulfilled

and

another

group

of

people who feel betrayed as a consequence.

7

greener

pastures/

pastures new

a

new

place

or

activity

that

offers

new

opportunities

We will never be able to move forward to

greener pastures of life quality unless global

warming comes to a halt.

PHRASAL VERBS

N

o

Phrasal

verb

Meaning

Example

1

stave off

to

stop

something

bad

from

happening,

or

to

keep

an

unwanted

situation

or

person

away, usually temporarily

The net-zero policy is hoped to stave

off

the

most

dangerous

effects

of

climate change by arresting the rapid

temperature rise.

2

single out

to

choose

one

person

or

thing

from a group for special attention,

especially criticism or praise

We

single

out

technology

and

awareness as the primary driving forces

for environmental enhancement.

2.5.2. Vocabulary Collocation

Vocabulary

collocation

plays

a

pivotal

role

in

achieving

eloquent

speaking

by

enhancing the natural flow, clarity, and precision of communication. Collocations are

word combinations that native speakers use habitually, reflecting linguistic patterns

that convey specific meanings or concepts effectively. Mastery of collocation enables

speakers to express ideas with nuance and sophistication, as these combinations often

carry subtle connotations and cultural implications. Utilizing collocations correctly

demonstrates

linguistic

competence

and

familiarity

with

idiomatic

expressions,

fostering credibility and authority in speech. Moreover, incorporating appropriate

collocations enhances coherence and fluency, enabling speakers to convey complex

thoughts effortlessly. By mastering vocabulary collocation, speakers can articulate

their ideas with clarity, impact, and cultural authenticity, thereby enriching their ability

to engage and persuade audiences effectively in various communicative settings.

Some frequently used collocations should be either avoided or upgraded, especially

those that lack academic rigor.

Instead of:

―Make an effort,‖ use ―considerable effort should be devoted to…‖

―Do a good job,‖ should be ―perform well‖

29

―Do research‖ should be ―conduct research‖

―Get famous‖ can be replaced with ―acquire fame‖

―Get a degree‖ is improved with ―earn a degree‖

―Get skills‖ sounds more academic with ―obtain skills.‖

For instance, consider the topic ―deforestation‖, a frequently encountered one in

speaking tests. Acquiring vocabulary related to this subject will also enhance one's

lexicon concerning environmental issues. Consequently, this analysis will present

learners with collocations centered around deforestation, providing examples that they

can directly incorporate into their speaking tasks.

Deforestation

is

the

transition

or

complete

change

in

land

use

from

forest

to

agriculture, including shifting cultivation and grazing, or urban use. Vietnam is one of

the countries heavily affected by rampant deforestation today. In an academic speaking

test, learners will often be asked to present causes, consequences and solutions to

current deforestation. Here is a speaking topic: Forests produce fresh oxygen and

participate in regulating climate. But every year trees cover of our planet is lessening

due to deforestation. What are the primary causes of deforestation? What results may

it lead to?

When

tackling

this

speaking

topic,

teachers

should

introduce

students

to

some

Deforestation-themed collocations that can be applied to conduct their speech. The

language system for this topic would be divided into collocations on the causes,

consequences and solutions of Deforestation so that learners can easily follow and

apply them when they are included in their speaking:

-

Collocations

on

the

causes

of

Deforestation:

Human

habitation

and

urbanization, Logging operations, Devastating wildfire

-

Collocations on the consequences and harms of Deforestation: Soil erosion /

arable fields, Crop failure / Food insecurity, An increase in global warming,

Loss of habitat

-

Collocations on solutions to limit Deforestation: To introduce/enact laws to

prevent illegal logging, To go paperless, Sustainable farming practices, Crop

rotation

In summary, collocations are combinations of words that co-occur naturally due to

their established usage rather than any specific grammatical rule.

2.5.3. Synonym

Some words should be substituted with synonyms because they lack precision and are

considered basic. Examples of this are: good, bad, big, small and nice. It is correct to

say, ―Fossil fuels are bad for the environment,‖ but it lacks the sophistication teachers

would expect to see in a higher level answer. Here, they would prefer the word,

―damaging‖ or ―harmful.‖

Context is important when using synonyms for words like, ―important.‖ While

―essential‖ is a synonym, it is inappropriate to say, ―Addiction to the internet is an

essential issue of our time. Instead, students could use it instead of ―important‖ when

30

they use the expression, ―It is important that government deal with XYZ…..‖ Or, you

could use ―critical,‖ or ―vital.‖

Sometimes candidates need synonyms to avoid repetition. This is common in speaking

about children. It becomes monotonous to keep using the word ―children,‖ but what

alternatives can you use? While a toddler and an adolescent are children, not all

children are toddlers and adolescents, so they can‘t use these words interchangeably.

Instead, they could use, ―the youth,‖ ―the young,‖ ―minors,‖ or ―juveniles.‖ ―Kids‖

should be avoided always as it is informal.

Below is a list of some common synonyms to use in students‘ speaking:



Bad - atrocious, base, contaminated, contemptible, corrupt, defective, deficient,

deplorable, depraved, despicable, detestable, disagreeable, dismal, evil, faulty,

harmful,

heinous,

horrible,

immoral,

imperfect,

improper,

inappropriate,

infamous,

inferior,

injurious,

irascible,

nefarious,

noxious,

obnoxious,

outrageous,

scandalous,

sinister,

spoiled,

substandard,

tainted,

unfavorable, unpleasant, unsuitable, wicked, wrong



Big -ample, astronomical, colossal, enormous, expansive, gargantuan, gigantic,

grand, great, huge, immense, large, sizable, spacious, substantial, tremendous,

vast



Important -,

Critical,

essential,

famous,

indispensable,

necessary,

notable,

valuable, vital



Children- the youth, the young, minors , juveniles



Do - accomplish, achieve, attain, enact, execute, finish



Get - accept, accumulate, collect, derive, earn, find, gain, gather, glean, obtain,

procure, regain, secure, win,



Good –

advantageous,

agreeable,

apt,

beneficial,

capable,

excellent,

favorable, fine, friendly, generous, genuine, gracious, grand, great, kindly,

marvelous,

obedient,

honorable,

obliging,

pleasant,

pleasurable,

profitable,

proper,

qualified,

reliable,

respectable,

righteous,

satisfactory,

splendid,

sterling, suitable, suited, superb, superior, trustworthy, valid, well-behaved,

wonderful, worthy.

In speaking, especially in speaking tests for gifted students, using the same words

repeatedly can render speech monotonous or unengaging. Substituting a word with a

synonym, potentially a more precise one, can enhance how candidates convey their

ideas effectively. The use of synonyms also helps to make their speaking section more

vivid and to create a more intriguing image in the mind of the examiners.

2.5.4. Co-ordinating and subordinating conjunctions

In eloquent speaking, the strategic use of coordinating and subordinating conjunctions

enhances the coherence and sophistication of discourse. Coordinating conjunctions

such as "and," "but," and "or" connect ideas of equal importance, allowing speakers to

link

thoughts

seamlessly

and

create

fluid

transitions

between

points.

These

conjunctions facilitate clarity and maintain the logical flow of arguments or narratives.

On the other hand, subordinating conjunctions like "although," "because," and "while"

31

establish hierarchical relationships between clauses, emphasizing dependencies or

contrasts

in

ideas.

Skillfully

deploying

these

conjunctions

enables

speakers

to

articulate

complex

relationships,

convey

nuanced

meanings,

and

guide

listeners

through

intricate

layers

of

thought.

By

mastering

the

use

of

coordinating

and

subordinating conjunctions, speakers can elevate their speech, ensuring it is not only

coherent but also engaging and persuasive across various communicative contexts.

PART C. CONCLUSION

Speaking skill plays a critical role in English Language Teaching and Learning. The

passage discusses the concept of eloquence in speaking. Eloquence is defined as the

ability to use language effectively to express opinions, deliver clear and strong messages,

and

persuade

an

audience.

It

involves

articulating

thoughts

and

ideas

fluently,

persuasively,

and

with

impact,

thereby

enhancing

communication

and

fostering

connections with listeners.

The passage also emphasizes the importance of non-verbal components and verbal

components in achieving eloquent speaking. Body language, attitudes and emotion are

key

non-verbal

components

that

contribute

to

eloquent

speaking.

Body

language,

including posture, gestures, eye contact, facial expressions, and movement, plays a crucial

role in effective communication. Good posture and purposeful gestures enhance clarity

and emphasize key points. Maintaining eye contact fosters connection and engagement

with the audience. Facial expressions and controlled movement add depth and emphasis

to the speaker's message. Attitudes essential for eloquent speaking include confidence,

authenticity,

open-mindedness,

empathy,

passion,

and

respectfulness.

Confidence

establishes authority and captures attention. Authenticity builds trust and rapport with the

audience.

Open-mindedness

encourages

dialogue

and

adaptation

to

audience

needs.

Empathy connects emotionally with listeners. Passion drives enthusiasm and dedication.

Respectfulness

creates

a

positive

and

inclusive

atmosphere.

Emotions

such

as

authenticity,

passion,

empathy,

inspiration,

gratitude,

and

hope

enrich

speeches

by

creating a profound connection with the audience. Authentic emotions convey sincerity

and belief in the message. Passion ignites enthusiasm and energy. Empathy shows

understanding and compassion. Inspiration motivates and uplifts. Gratitude acknowledges

support and fosters mutual respect. Hope instills optimism and encourages action towards

positive change. In terms of verbal components, the passage outlines various strategies to

enhance eloquence in speaking, focusing on tone, pace, clarity, grammar and syntax, and

vocabulary. Tone in speaking involving pitch, pace, volume, emphasis, and intonation

32

reflects the speaker's attitude, emotion, and intent, crucial for engaging listeners, and

strategies include varying pitch and intonation, controlling pace, managing volume,

emphasizing key words, and adapting tone to the audience and context. Pace refers to the

speed of delivery and transitions between ideas. Varying pace is vital to maintain

audience interest and emphasize points and matching pace to content complexity and

using pauses strategically are key techniques. Clarity involves articulation, structure,

coherence,

and

language

use.

Proper

articulation

and

pronunciation,

structured

organization of ideas, simplicity, and the use of examples aid in clarity, and visual aids,

repetition of key points, and active listening further enhance clarity. Moreover, mastery of

grammar and syntax ensures precise and professional communication. Clear grammar and

syntax enhance credibility and prevent ambiguity and variety and sophistication in

language use, accuracy, practice, and audience awareness are essential for improving

grammar

and

syntax.

Last

but

not

least,

vocabulary

richness

supports

precise

and

impactful communication. Strategies include learning topic-related vocabulary, mastering

collocations,

using

synonyms

effectively,

and

understanding

coordinating

and

subordinating conjunctions. A diverse vocabulary enhances articulation of complex ideas

and

fosters

engagement

and

credibility,

and

contextual

adaptation

and

continuous

refinement through practice and feedback contribute to effective vocabulary use. In

conclusion,

mastering

the

non-verbal

components

and

addressing

various

facets

of

communication from tone and pace to clarity, grammar and syntax, and vocabulary

proficiency are crucial for speakers aiming to develop eloquence in speaking, delivering

compelling, memorable, and impactful presentations that resonate with their audience.

33

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1.

Goldsmith, Oliver (1759). Of Eloquence.

2.

Stephen

Zunes

(April

2009). "The

Iranian

Revolution

(1977-1979)".

ICNC.

3.

https://prowritingaid.com/character-traits/eloquent#head

4.

Alderson, J. C. (2005). Diagnosing foreign language proficiency: The

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5.

Beglar, D. (2010). A Rasch-based validation of the Vocabulary Size

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6.

Beglar, D., & Nation, I. S. P. (2014). Assessing vocabulary. In A.J.

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Cheng,

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&

Matthews,

J.

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Crossley, S. A., Salsbury, T., McNamara, D. S., & Jarvis, S. (2011).

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T., & Clenton, J. (2017). Making sense of learner performance on tests

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Richard, J.C. (2008), Teaching listening and Speaking: From the theory to

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