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Cuốn sách này là của

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Điểm mục tiêu cho phần thi IELTS Reading là: …………

Để làm được điều này, mình sẽ đọc cuốn sách này ít nhất …. lần/tuần.

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LỜI GIỚI THIỆU

Chào các bạn,

Các bạn đang cầm trên tay cuốn “Boost your vocabulary” được biên soạn bởi mình và các bạn trong

nhóm IELTS Family. Cuốn sách được viết nhằm mục đích giúp các bạn đang muốn cải thiện vốn từ

vựng cho phần thi Reading trong IELTS. Sách được viết dựa trên nền tảng bộ Cambridge IELTS của

Nhà xuất bản Đại học Cambridge – Anh Quốc.

Trong quá trình thực hiện, mình và các bạn trong nhóm đã dành nhiều thời gian để nghiên cứu cách

thức đưa nội dung sao cho khoa học và dễ dùng nhất với các bạn. Tuy vậy, cuốn sách không khỏi có

những hạn chế nhất định. Mọi góp ý để cải thiện nội dung cuốn sách mọi người xin gửi về email

Trân trọng cảm ơn,

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TÁC GIẢ & NHÓM THỰC HIỆN

Đinh Thắng

Hiện tại là giáo viên dạy IELTS tại Hà Nội từ cuối năm 2012. Chứng chỉ

ngành ngôn ngữ Anh, đại học Brighton, Anh Quốc, 2016.Từng làm việc

tại tổ chức giáo dục quốc tế Language Link Việt Nam (2011-2012)

Facebook.com/dinhthangielts

… cùng các bạn Tuyết Trinh, Hạnh Ngô, Thu Thủy, Thu Hằng

Tài trợ

Team làm sách xin trân trọng cảm ơn HP Academy - trung tâm đã tài trợ một phần kinh phí để làm nên

bộ sách này.

HP Academy là NHÀ dành cho việc dạy và học IELTS tại 2 cơ sở Tân Bình và Gò Vấp, TP.HCM.

Ở HP, các bạn sẽ KHÔNG được cam kết đầu ra. Kết quả của các cựu học viên chính là câu trả lời chính xác nhất cho chất

lượng dạy và học.

www.hpacademy.vn

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1

03 LÝ DO TẠI SAO NÊN HỌC TỪ VỰNG

THEO CUỐN SÁCH NÀY

1. Không còn mất nhiều thời gian cho việc tra từ

Các từ học thuật (academic words) trong sách đều có kèm giải thích hoặc từ đồng nghĩa. Bạn tiết

kiệm được đáng kể thời gian gõ từng từ vào từ điển và tra. Chắc chắn những bạn thuộc dạng “không

được chăm chỉ lắm trong việc tra từ vựng” sẽ thích điều này.

2. Tập trung bộ nhớ vào các từ quan trọng

Mặc dù cuốn sách không tra hết các từ giúp bạn nhưng sách đã chọn ra các từ quan trọng và phổ

biến nhất giúp bạn. Như vậy, bạn có thể tập trung bộ nhớ vào các từ này, thay vì phải mất công nhớ

các từ không quan trọng. Bạn nào đạt Reading từ 7.0 trở lên đều sẽ thấy rất nhiều trong số các từ

này thuộc loại hết sức quen thuộc

3. Học một từ nhớ nhiều từ

Rất nhiều từ được trình bày theo synonym (từ đồng nghĩa), giúp các bạn có thể xem lại và học thêm

các từ có nghĩa tương đương hoặc giống như từ gốc. Có thể nói, đây là phương pháp học hết sức

hiệu quả vì khi học một từ như impact, bạn có thể nhớ lại hoặc học thêm một loạt các từ nghĩa tương

đương như significant, vital, imperative, chief, key. Nói theo cách khác thì nếu khả năng ghi nhớ của

bạn tốt thì cuốn sách này giúp bạn đấy số lượng từ vựng lên một cách đáng kể.

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2

HƯỚNG DẪN SỬ DỤNG SÁCH

ĐỐI TƯỢNG SỬ DỤNG SÁCH

Nhìn chung các bạn cần có mức độ từ vựng tương đương 5.5 trở lên (theo thang điểm 9 của IELTS),

nếu không có thể sẽ gặp nhiều khó khăn trong việc sử dụng sách này.

CÁC BƯỚC SỬ DỤNG

CÁCH 1: LÀM TEST TRƯỚC, HỌC TỪ VỰNG SAU

Bước 1: Bạn in cuốn sách này ra

. Nên in bìa màu để có thêm động lực học. Cuốn sách được

thiết kế cho việc đọc trực tiếp, không phải cho việc đọc online nên bạn nào đọc online sẽ có thể thấy

khá bất tiện khi tra cứu, đối chiếu từ vựng

Bước 2: Tìm mua cuốn Cambridge IELTS

(10 cuốn mới nhất từ 6-15) của Nhà xuất bản

Cambridge để làm. Hãy cẩn thận đừng mua nhầm sách lậu. Sách của nhà xuất bản Cambridge được

tái bản tại Việt Nam thường có bìa và giấy dày, chữ rất rõ nét.

Bước 3: Làm một bài test hoặc passage bất kỳ trong bộ sách trên

. Ví dụ passage 1, test

1 của Cambridge IELTS 13.

Bước 4: Đối chiếu với cuốn sách này

, bạn sẽ lọc ra các từ vựng quan trọng cần học.

Ví dụ passage 1, test 1 của Cambridge IELTS 13, bài về Tourism New Zealand Website: Bạn sẽ

thấy

4.1 Cột bên trái là bản text gốc, trong đó bôi đậm các từ học thuật - academic word

4.2 Cột bên phải chứa các từ vựng này theo kèm định nghĩa (definition) hoặc từ đồng nghĩa

(synonym)

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3

CÁCH 2: HỌC TỪ VỰNG TRƯỚC, ĐỌC TEST SAU

Bước 1: Bạn in cuốn sách này ra

. Nên in bìa màu để có thêm động lực học. Cuốn sách được

thiết kế cho việc đọc trực tiếp, không phải cho việc đọc online nên bạn nào đọc online sẽ có thể thấy

khá bất tiện khi tra cứu, đối chiếu từ vựng

Bước 2: Đọc cột bên trái như đọc báo. Duy trì hàng ngày. Khi nào không hiểu từ nào thì

xem nghĩa hoặc synonym của từ đó ở cột bên phải. Giai đoạn này giúp bạn phát triển việc

đọc tự nhiên, thay vì đọc theo kiểu làm test. Bạn càng hiểu nhiều càng tốt. Cố gắng nhớ từ

theo ngữ cảnh.

Bước 3: Làm một bài test hoặc passage bất kỳ trong bộ sách Cambridge IELTS. Ví dụ

bạn đọc xong cuốn Boost your vocabulary 13 này thì có thể quay lại làm các test trong cuốn

10 chẳng hạn. Làm test xong thì cố gắng phát hiện các từ đã học trong cuốn 13. Bạn

nào có khả năng ghi nhớ tốt chắc chắn sẽ gặp lại rất nhiều từ đã học. Bạn nào có khả năng

ghi nhớ vừa phải cũng sẽ gặp lại không ít từ.

Bước 4: Đọc cuốn Boost your vocabulary tương ứng với test bạn vừa làm. Ví dụ trong cuốn Boost

your vocabulary 10.

Tóm lại, mình ví dụ 1 chu trình đầy đủ theo cách này

B1. Đọc hiểu và học từ cuốn Boost your vocabulary 13

B2. Làm test 1 trong cuốn Boost your vocabulary 10

B3. Đọc hiểu và học từ cuốn Boost your vocabulary 10 & tìm các từ lặp lại mà bạn đã đọc trong cuốn Boost your vocabulary

13

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4

TEST 1

READING PASSAGE 1

T

he nutmeg tree, Myristica fragrans, is a large

evergreen tree native to Southeast Asia. Until the late

18th century, it only grew in one place in the world: a

small group of islands in the Banda Sea, part of the

Moluccas — or Spice Islands — in northeastern

Indonesia. The tree is thickly branched with dense

foliage of tough, dark green oval leaves, and produces

small, yellow, bell-shaped flowers and pale yellow pear-

shaped fruits. The fruit is encased in a fleshy husk.

When the fruit is ripe, this husk splits into two halves

along a ridge running the length of the fruit, inside is a

nutmeg= a brown powder made from the seed of a

tropical tree, which is used as a spice

valuable= important, beneficial, worthy #worthless

spice= a type of powder or seed, taken from plants,

that you put into food you are cooking to give it a

special taste

myristica fragrans= east indian tree widely

cultivated in the tropics for its aromatic seed

evergreen= an evergreen tree or bush does not

lose its leaves in winter

native to= indigenous, local, aboriginal, resident

#foreign

branch= split, fork, divide

dense= thick, close together #transparent

foliage= leaves

tough= not easily broken or made weaker

oval= ovate, egg-shaped

bell-shaped= shaped like a bell

pale= pallid, faint, weak #strong

pear-shaped= shaped like a pear

encase sth in sth= cover, enclose, wrap #uncover

fleshy= having a soft thick inner part

husk= shell, pod, covering #kernel

ripe= fully grown, mature

split into= divide, separate, break up, #united

ridge= edge, point

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5

purple-brown shiny seed, 2-3 cm long by about 2 cm

across, surrounded by a lacy red or crimson covering

called an ‘aril’. These are the sources of the two spices

nutmeg and mace, the former being produced from the

dried seed and the latter from the aril.

Nutmeg was a highly prized and costly ingredient in

European cuisine in the Middle Ages, and was used as

a flavouring, medicinal, and preservative agent.

Throughout this period, the Arabs were the exclusive

importers of the spice to Europe. They sold nutmeg for

high prices to merchants based in Venice, but they

never revealed the exact location of the source of this

extremely valuable commodity. The Arab-Venetian

dominance of the trade finally ended in 1512, when the

Portuguese reached the Banda Islands and began

exploiting its precious resources.

Always in danger of competition from neighbouring

Spain, the Portuguese began subcontracting their spice

distribution to Dutch traders. Profits began to flow into

the Netherlands, and the Dutch commercial fleet swiftly

grew into one of the largest in the world. The Dutch

quietly gained control of most of the shipping and trading

of spices in Northern Europe. Then, in 1580, Portugal fell

under Spanish rule, and by the end of the 16th century

the Dutch found themselves locked out of the market. As

prices for pepper, nutmeg, and other spices soared

shiny= glossy, gleaming, sparkly

seed= one of the small hard objects in a fruit such

as an apple or orange, from which new fruit trees

grow

surround= enclose, encircle, envelop

lacy= made of lace

crimson= deep red in colour

aril= an extra seed covering, typically coloured and

hairy or fleshy

mace= a spice made from the dried shell of a

nutmeg

former= previous, past, earlier, prior

latter= last, later, final #former, previous

prized= extremely important or valuable to

someone

costly= expensive, high, exorbitant

ingredient= element, component, part, item, thing

cuisine= food, cooking

middle ages= the period in european history

between about 1100 and 1500 ad

flavouring= a substance used to give something a

particular flavour or increase its flavour

medicinal= used for treating medical problems

preservative= conserving, preserving, protective

agent= a chemical or substance that is used for a

particular purpose or that has a particular effect

exclusive= sole, limited #partial

importer= a person, company, or country that buys

goods from other countries so they can be sold in

their own country

merchant= wholesaler, trader, dealer

be based in sth= to have your main place of work,

business etc in a particular place

reveal= tell, expose, disclose #conceal

commodity= product, goods

dominance of= supremacy, domination, control,

power, ascendency #weakness

reach= arrive, go, move

exploit= use, utilize, make use of, take advantage

of

precious= valuable, treasurable, priceless

#worthless

resource= source, reserve, supply

be in danger of (doing) sth= risk, threat, hazard,

endangerment #safety

subcontract sth to sb= if a company subcontracts

work, they pay other people to do part of their work

for them

distribution= supply, spreading, delivery

trader= dealer, merchant, seller

flow into sth= run, pour, flood

commercial= business-related, for-profit #charitable

fleet= a group of ships, or all the ships in a navy

swiftly= quickly, speedily, rapidly #slowly

fall under= to be influenced or affected by

(something)

rule= law, regulation, statute

lock sb out of sth= to prevent a person or

organization from having or being able to take part

in something

soar= climb, rocket, rise, increase, #decrease, drop,

plummet

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6

across Europe, they decided to fight back.

In 1602, Dutch merchants founded the VOC, a trading

corporation better known as the Dutch East India

Company. By 1617, the VOC was the richest commercial

operation in the world. The company had 50,000

employees worldwide, with a private army of 30,000 men

and a fleet of 200 ships. At the same time, thousands of

people across Europe were dying of the plague, a highly

contagious and deadly disease. Doctors were desperate

for a way to stop the spread of this disease, and they

decided nutmeg held the cure. Everybody wanted

nutmeg, and many were willing to spare no expense to

have it. Nutmeg bought for a few pennies in Indonesia

could be sold for 68,000 times its original cost on the

sweets of London. The only problem was the short

supply. And that’s where the Dutch found their

opportunity.

The Banda Islands were ruled by local sultans who

insisted on maintaining a neutral trading policy towards

foreign powers. This allowed them to avoid the presence

of Portuguese or Spanish troops on their soil, but it also

left them unprotected from other invaders. In 1621, the

Dutch arrived and took over. Once securely in control of

the Bandas, the Dutch went to work protecting their new

investment. They concentrated all nutmeg production

into a few easily guarded areas, uprooting and

destroying any trees outside the plantation zones.

Anyone caught growing a nutmeg seedling or carrying

seeds without the proper authority was severely

punished. In addition, all exported nutmeg was covered

with lime to make sure there was no chance a fertile

seed which could be grown elsewhere would leave the

islands. There was only one obstacle to Dutch

domination. One of the Banda Islands, a sliver of land

called Run, only 31cm long by less than 1 km wide, was

under the control of the British. After decades of fighting

fight back= to work hard to achieve or oppose

something, especially in a situation where you

are losing

merchant= wholesaler, trader, dealer

found= start, create, establish, set up #close

corporation= company, business, firm, organization

army= large organized group of people trained to

fight on land in a war

plague= disease, epidemic, pandemic, illness

contagious= transmissible, transmittable, infectious

desperate= anxious, worried, frantic, hopeless

#calm

spread= if something spreads or is spread, it

becomes larger or moves so that it affects more

people or a larger area

cure= treatment, therapy, medication

spare no expense to do sth= to spend as much

money or do everything necessary to make

something really good or successful

penny - pennies (plural) = a small unit of money in

britain. there are 100 pence in one pound

rule= govern, reign, lead, control

sultan= a ruler in some muslim countries

insist on= require, enforce, oblige

neutral= unbiased, impartial #biased

power= authority, control, supremacy

troop= crowd, flock, group

unprotected= defenseless, inseure, vulnerable

invader= attacker, assailant, intruder

take over= take control, take charge, come to

power

concentrate= collect, mass, assemble #disperse

guarded= secured, protected, watched

uproot= deracinate, pull up, dig up #plant

plantation= farm, agricultural estate, cultivated area

zone= area, region, sector

catch sb doing sth= to see someone doing

something that they did not want you to know they

were doing

seedling= sprout, sapling, plantlet

proper= appropriate, suitable, apt.

authority= permission, license, mandate

lime= a white substance obtained by burning

limestone, used for making cement, marking sports

fields etc

fertile= able to produce babies, young animals, or

new plants #infertile

obstacle= problem, difficulty, hindrance

domination= power, control, authority, supremacy,

government

sliver= a small pointed or thin piece that has been

cut or broken off something

under the control of sb= the power to make the

decisions about how a country, place, company etc

is organized or what it does

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7

for control of this tiny island, the Dutch and British arrived

at a compromise settlement, the Treaty of Breda, in

1667.

Intent on securing their hold over every nutmeg-

producing island, the Dutch offered a trade: if the British

would give them the island of Run, they would in turn

give Britain a distant and much less valuable island in

North America. The British agreed. That other island was

Manhattan, which is how New Amsterdam became New

York. The Dutch now had a monopoly over the nutmeg

trade which would last for another century.

Then, in 1770, a Frenchman named Pierre Poivre

successfully smuggled nutmeg plants to safety in

Mauritius, an island off the coast of Africa. Some of

these were later exported to the Caribbean where they

thrived, especially on the island of Grenada. Next, in

1778, a volcanic eruption in the Banda region caused a

tsunami that wiped out half the nutmeg groves. Finally,

in 1809, the British returned to Indonesia and seized the

Banda Islands by force. They returned the islands to the

Dutch in 1817, but not before transplanting hundreds of

nutmeg seedlings to plantations in several locations

across southern Asia. The Dutch nutmeg monopoly was

over.

Today, nutmeg is grown in Indonesia, the Caribbean,

India, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea and Sri Lanka, and

world nutmeg production is estimated to average between

10,000 and 12,000 tonnes per year.

arrive at a decision/solution/compromise etc=

to reach a decision, solution etc after a lot of effort

compromise= arrangement, agreement, deal

settlement= resolution, conclusion, decision,

agreement

treaty= agreement, accord, pact, truce

intent on= to be determined to do something or

achieve something

hold= control, power, influence

trade= when you exchange something you have for

something that someone else has

in turn= as a result of something

distant= remote, far, isolated #near

monopoly= if a company or government has a

monopoly of a business or political activity, it has

complete control of it so that other organizations

cannot compete with it

smuggle= to take something or someone illegally

from one country to another

off the coast= the area where the land meets the

sea

thrive= flourish, grow well #fail

volcanic= relating to or caused by a volcano

eruption= outbreak, explosion, emission

tsunami= tidal wave

wipe out= destroy, eradicate, devastate, remove

#protect

grove= plantation, copse, a piece of land with trees

growing on it

seize= capture, conquer, take control of, take

over

by force= violent physical action used to get

what you want

transplant= relocate, resettle, uproot

estimate= guess, assess, appraise

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8

READING PASSAGE 2

A

The automotive sector is well used to adapting to

automation in manufacturing. The implementation of

robotic car manufacture from the 1970s onwards led to

significant cost savings and improvements in the

reliability and flexibility of vehicle mass production. A

new challenge to vehicle production is now on the

horizon and, again, it comes from automation. However,

this time it is not to do with the manufacturing process,

but with the vehicles themselves.

Research projects on vehicle automation are not new.

Vehicles with limited self-driving capabilities have been

around for more than 50 years, resulting in significant

contributions towards driver assistance systems. But

since Google announced in 2010 that it had been

driverless= a driverless vehicle is controlled by

equipment in the vehicle, rather than by a human

driver

automotive= motorized, locomotive, relating to cars

sector= area, part, division

adapt to= acclimatize, adjust, modify

automation= the use of computers and machines

instead of people to do a job

manufacture= production, making, construction

implementation= application, execution, enactment

onwards= forwards, ahead, straight on #backwards

significant= considerable, large, major #paltry

cost saving= money that a company has saved by

deliberately spending less

reliability= dependability, consistency

flexibility= suppleness, elasticity

mass production= when products are made in large

numbers by machines so that they can be sold

cheaply

on the horizon= to seem likely to happen in the

future

self-driving = used to refer to a vehicle that drives

itself

capability= ability, capacity #inability

contribution= influence, involvement, impact

assistance= help, support, aid #hindrance

announce= publicize, declare, say

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9

trialling self-driving cars on the streets of California,

progress in this field has quickly gathered pace.

B

There are many reasons why technology is advancing

so fast. One frequently cited motive is safety; Indeed,

research at the UK’s Transport Research Laboratory has

demonstrated that more than 90 percent of road

collisions involve human error as a contributory

factor, and it is the primary cause in the vast majority.

Automation may help to reduce the incidence of this.

Another aim is to free the time people spend driving for

other purposes. If the vehicle can do some or all of the

driving, it may be possible to be productive, to socialise

or simply to relax while automation systems have

responsibility for safe control of the vehicle. If the

vehicle can do the driving, those who are challenged by

existing mobility models — such as older or disabled

travellers — may be able to enjoy significantly greater

travel autonomy.

C

Beyond these direct benefits, we can consider the wider

implications for transport and society, and how

manufacturing processes might need to respond as a

result. At present, the average car spends more than 90

percent of its life parked. Automation means that

initiatives for car-sharing become much more viable,

particularly in urban areas with significant travel demand.

If a significant proportion of the population choose to use

shared automated vehicles, mobility demand can be met

by far fewer vehicles.

D

trial= to thoroughly test something to see if it

works correctly or is effective

progress= development, growth, improvement

#regression

gather pace= happen more quickly

advance= improve, develop, enhance

cite= mention, refer to

motive= reason, cause, purpose, intention, aim

indeed= certainly, actually, in fact

demonstrate= show, reveal, display #conceal

collision= crash, accident

involve= include, comprise, encompass

human error= an error that is typical of humans

rather than machines

contributory= related, causal, influential

primary= main, key, chief, crucial

great/vast/overwhelming majority of sth=

almost all of a group

incidence of= occurrence, prevalence, frequency,

rate, numbers

aim= goal, purpose, objective, target, intention

free= release, set free, liberate

productive= producing or achieving a lot

socialize= to spend time with other people in a

friendly way

have responsibility for (doing) sth=

accountability, duty, charge

existing= current, present, prevailing

mobility= movement, motion #immobility

model= type, sort, kind, brand, version

autonomy= independence, self-sufficiency

#dependence

beyond= further than, away from

wider= broader, varied, wide-ranging #narrower

implication= effect, consequence, repercussion

respond= react, act in, response #ignore

average= normal, regular, typical, standard

park= to put a car or other vehicle in a particular

place for a period of time

initiative= plan, idea, project, program

car-sharing= an arrangement in which a group of

people travel together in one car to work or school

viable= feasible, practical, practicable #impossible

automated= automatic, robotic, computerized,

programmed #manual

by far= used to say that something is much better,

worse etc than anything else

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10

The Massachusetts Institute of Technology investigated

automated mobility in Singapore, finding that fewer than

30 percent of the vehicles currently used would be

required if fully automated car sharing could be

implemented. If this is the case, it might mean that we

need to manufacture far fewer vehicles to meet demand.

However, the number of trips being taken would probably

increase, partly because empty vehicles would have to

be moved from one customer to the next.

Modelling work by the University of Michigan

Transportation Research Institute suggests automated

vehicles might reduce vehicle ownership by 43 percent,

but that vehicles’ average annual mileage would double

as a result. As a consequence, each vehicle would be

used more intensively, and might need replacing

sooner. This faster rate of turnover may mean that

vehicle production will not necessarily decrease.

E

Automation may prompt other changes in vehicle

manufacture. If we move to a model where consumers

are tending not to own a single vehicle but to purchase

access to a range of vehicles through a mobility provider,

drivers will have the freedom to select one that best

suits their needs for a particular journey, rather than

making a compromise across all their requirements.

Since, for most of the time, most of the seats in most cars

are unoccupied, this may boost production of a smaller,

more efficient range of vehicles that suit the needs of

individuals. Specialised vehicles may then be available

for exceptional journeys, such as going on a family

camping trip or helping a son or daughter move to

university.

F

There are a number of hurdles to overcome in

delivering automated vehicles to our roads. These

implement= carry out, put into operation, put

into action, apply

this is the case= a situation that exists,

especially as it affects a particular person or

group

modelling= the process of making a scientific

or computer model of something to show how

it works or to understand it better

ownership= possession, tenure,

proprietorship

mileage= the number of miles someone

travels in a vehicle in a particular period of

time

intensively= in a way that involves a lot of

activity, effort, or careful attention in a short

period of time

turnover= the rate at which a particular kind

of goods is sold

prompt= stimulate, encourage , motivate #prevent

a range of= a variety of, a mixture of, diverse,

various

freedom= liberty, self-determination,

independence, choice #restriction

select= choose, pick, opt for, decide on

suit= fit match, go well with, be appropriate

make a compromise= settlement, agreement,

deal, bargain

unoccupied= vacant, empty, unused, unfilled

#occupied

boost= increase, improve, enhance #reduce

efficient= if someone or something is efficient,

they work well without wasting time, money, or

energy

individual= person, being

specialized= trained, designed, or developed for a

particular purpose, type of work, place etc

exceptional

available= existing, free, untaken

exceptional= unusual and likely not to happen

often

hurdle= obstacle, difficulty, problem, barrier, block

overcome= defeat, beat, conquer

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11

include the technical difficulties in ensuring that the

vehicle works reliably in the infinite range of traffic,

weather and road situations it might encounter; the

regulatory challenges in understanding how liability and

enforcement might change when drivers are no longer

essential for vehicle operation; and the societal changes

that may be required for communities to trust and accept

automated vehicles as being a valuable part of the

mobility landscape.

G

It’s clear that there are many challenges that need to be

addressed but, through robust and targeted research,

these can most probably be conquered within the next

10 years. Mobility will change in such potentially

significant ways and in association with so many other

technological developments, such as telepresence and

virtual reality, that it is hard to make concrete

predictions about the future. However, one thing is

certain: change is coming, and the need to be flexible in

response to this will be vital for those involved in

manufacturing the vehicles that will deliver future

mobility.

ensure= guarantee, confirm, make sure, make

certain

reliably= in a way that can be trusted or believed

infinite= boundless, limitless, vast #limited

encounter= face, confront, meet #avoid

regulatory= controlling, supervisory, monitoring

liability= obligation, responsibility, accountability

enforcement= when people are made to obey a

rule, law etc

essential= vital, important, crucial, critical,

needed, necessary #unnecessary

societal= social, shared, public, community

valuable= valued, precious, important

landscape= situation, circumstances

address= tackle, adopt, deal with #ignore

robust= a robust system, organization etc is

strong and not likely to have problems

targeted= aimed, pointed

conquere= dominate, seize, occupy

in association with sb/sth= made or done with

another person, organization etc

telepresence= the use of virtual reality technology

to operate machinery by remote control or to

create the effect of being at a different or

imaginary location

virtual reality= an environment produced by a

computer that looks and seems real to the person

experiencing it

concrete= real, tangible, actual

prediction= forecast, guess, calculation

flexible= adaptable, variable, open

in response to sth= something that is done as a

reaction to something that has happened or been

said

vital= critical, crucial, important #unimportant

involve in= engage, include

deliver= bring, send, transport

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12

READING

PASSAGE 3

W

e are all explorers. Our desire to discover,

and then share that new-found knowledge, is part of

what makes us human — indeed, this has played an

important part in our success as a species. Long

before the first caveman slumped down beside the

fire and grunted news that there were plenty of

wildebeest over yonder, our ancestors had learnt

the value of sending out scouts to investigate the

unknown. This questing nature of ours

undoubtedly helped our species spread around the

globe, just as it nowadays no doubt helps the last

nomadic Penan maintain their existence in the

depleted forests of Borneo, and a visitor negotiate

the subways of New York.

exploration= discovery, search

explorer= traveler, voyager

desire= wish, craving, aspiration

new-found= recently obtained, found, or achieved

indeed= actually, in fact, in reality

play a part/role= to have an effect or influence on

something

species= class, type, kind, sort, group

caveman= someone who lived in a cave many

thousands of years ago

slump down= drop, fall, crash, collapse #rise

grunt= mumble, murmur, make a sound

wildebeest= a large southern african animal with a tail

and curved horns

yonder= over there – used to show or explain where

something or someone is

ancestor= forefather, antecedent #descendant

send out= to make a person or a group of people or

things go from one place to various other places

scout= detective, spy

the unknown= things that you do not know or

understand

quest= search, hunt, seek #find

nature= someone's character

undoubtedly= certainly, unquestionably, undeniably,

without doubt #doubtfully

globe= world, earth

doubt= uncertainty, disbelief #certainty

nomadic= if someone leads a nomadic life, they travel

from place to place and do not live in any one place for

very long

existence= life, presence, survival

depleted= reduced, drained, diminished

negotiate= pass, navigate, go around

subway= a path for people to walk under a road or

railway

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Over the years, we’ve come to think of explorers as a

peculiar breed — different from the rest of us,

different from those of us who are merely ‘well

travelled’, even; and perhaps there is a type of person

more suited to seeking out the new, a type of

caveman more inclined to risk venturing out. That,

however, doesn’t take away from the fact that we all

have this enquiring instinct, even today; and that in

all sorts of professions — whether artist, marine

biologist or astronomer — borders of the unknown

are being tested each day.

Thomas Hardy set some of his novels in Egdon

Heath, a fictional area of uncultivated land, and

used the landscape to suggest the desires and fears

of his characters. He is delving into matters we all

recognise because they are common to humanity.

This is surely an act of exploration, and into a world

as remote as the author chooses. Explorer and

travel writer Peter Fleming talks of the moment when

the explorer returns to the existence he has left

behind with his loved ones. The traveller ‘who has for

weeks or months seen himself only as a puny and

irrelevant alien crawling laboriously over a country

in which he has no roots and no background,

suddenly encounters his other self, a relatively

solid figure, with a place in the minds of certain

people’.

In this book about the exploration of the earth’s

surface, I have confined myself to those whose

travels were real and who also aimed at more than

personal discovery. But that still left me with another

problem: the word ‘explorer’ has become associated

come to do sth= to begin to have a feeling or opinion

peculiar= strange, weird, unusual, abnormal #normal

breed= type, class, kind, sort

the rest of= what is left after everything or everyone

else has gone, been used, dealt with, or mentioned

merely= just, only, simply, purely

suited= suitable, appropriate, fit

seek out= to try to find someone or something,

especially when this is difficult

inclined= to be likely to do something or behave in a

particular way

risk= hazard, venture, take the risk of, take a chance

venture out= to go somewhere that could be

dangerous

take away from= to spoil the good effect or success

that something has

enquiring= interested, curious, questioning

instinct= nature, character, predisposition

profession= job, career, vocation

marine= relating to the sea and the creatures that live

there

astronomer= stargazer, starwatcher, astronomer,

border= edge, limit, boundary, margin

test= examine, check, assess

fictional= imaginary, imagined, fantastic #real

uncultivated= fallow, unplanted, unfarmed #cultivated

landscape= scenery, land, site, scene

suggest= propose, recommend, put forward

character= a person in a book, play, film etc

delve into= explore, research, examine, look into

humanity= humankind, people, human race

remote= far, distant, faraway

puny= a puny person is small, thin, and weak

irrelevant= immaterial #relevant

alien= extra-terrestrial, extraterrestrial, creature from

outer space, space invader

crawl over= if an insect crawls, it moves using its legs

laboriously= arduously, strenuously, hard #easily

root= origin, derivation, foundation

background= someone's family, education, previous

work etc

encounter= meet, come across, bump into

relatively= quite, rather, comparatively

solid= hard or firm, with a fixed shape, and not a liquid

or gas

surface= outside, facade, exterior

confine yourself to (doing) sth= restrict, restrain, limit,

keep

leave sb with sth= if an event, accident, illness etc

leaves you in a particular condition, you are in that

condition because of it

associated= related, linked, connected

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14

with a past era. We think back to a golden age, as if

exploration peaked somehow in the 19th century —

as if the process of discovery is now on the decline,

though the truth is that we have named only one and

a half million of this planet’s species, and there may

be more than 10 million — and that’s not including

bacteria. We have studied only 5 per cent of the

species we know. We have scarcely mapped the

ocean floors, and how even less about ourselves;

we fully understand the workings of only 10 per cent

of our brains.

Here is how some of today’s ‘explorers’ define the

word. Ran Fiennes, dubbed the ‘greatest living

explorer’, said, ‘An explorer is someone who has

done something that no human has done before —

and also done something scientifically useful.’ Chris

Bonington, a leading mountaineer, felt exploration

was to be found in the act of physically touching the

unknown: ‘You have to have gone somewhere new.’

Then Robin Hanbury-Tenison, a campaigner on

behalf of remote so-called ‘tribal’ peoples, said, ‘A

traveller simply records information about some far-

off world, and reports back; but an explorer changes

the world.’ Wilfred Thesiger, who crossed Arabia’s

Empty Quarter in 1946, and belongs to an era of

unmechanised travel now lost to the rest of us, told

me, ‘If I’d gone across by camel when I could have

gone by car, it would have been a stunt.’ To him,

exploration meant bringing back information from a

remote place regardless of any great self-

discovery.

Each definition is slightly different — and tends to

reflect the field of endeavour of each pioneer. It was

the same whoever I asked: the prominent historian

would say exploration was a thing of the past, the

past= previous, earlier, preceding

era= age, period, time

golden age= period during which sth is very

successful, especially in the past

as if= in a way that makes it seem that something is

true or that something is happening

peak= top, climax #dip

somehow= in some way, or by some means, although

you do not know how

bacteria= microorganisms, microbes, germs

scarcely= barely, hardly #fully

map= to discover or show information about something,

especially about its shape or arrangement, or how it

moves or works

ocean floor= the bottom of a sea or ocean

the workings of sth= the way that an organization,

machine or organism operates

define= describe, state, explain

dub= call, name, label

scientifically= in a way that relates to science, or uses

the methods of science

leading= famous, outstanding, well-known

mountaineer= hiker, climber, walker, rock climber

in the act of doing sth=at the moment that you are

doing something

campaigner= activist, supporter, promoter

on behalf of= instead of someone, or as their

representative

so-called= used to show that something or someone is

usually called a particular name

tribal= ethnic, clannish

far-off= far, remote, distant

cross= traverse, go across, cross over

unmechanised= not performed with machines or

involving machines

camel= a large desert animal with a long neck and

either one or two humps (=large raised parts) on its

back

stunt= something that is done to attract people's

attention, especially in advertising or politics

bring back= to start to use something again that was

used in the past

regardless of= irrespective of, despite, no matter, in

spite of, apart from #considering

self-discovery= the process of learning about yourself

and your beliefs

definition= explanation, description, meaning

slightly= marginally, vaguely #considerably

reflect= reveal, indicate, signal

endeavor= attempt, effort, try

pioneer= innovator, inventor, developer, discoverer

prominent= famous, well-known, important,

outstanding, renowned #obscure

historian= someone who studies history, or the history

of a particular thing

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15

cutting-edge scientist would say it was of the

present. And so on. They each set their own

particular criteria; the common factor in their

approach being that they all had, unlike many of us

who simply enjoy travel or discovering new things,

both a very definite objective from the outset and

also a desire to record their findings.

I’d best declare my own bias. As a writer, I’m

interested in the exploration of ideas. I’ve done a

great many expeditions and each one was unique.

I’ve lived for months alone with isolated groups of

people all around the world, even two ‘uncontacted

tribes’. But none of these things is of the slightest

interest to anyone unless, through my books, I’ve

found a new slant, explored a new idea. Why?

Because the world has moved on. The time has long

passed for the great continental voyages — another

walk to the poles, another crossing of the Empty

Quarter. We know how the land surface of our planet

lies; exploration of it is now down to the details —

the habits of microbes, say, or the grazing

behaviour of buffalo. Aside from the deep sea and

deep underground, it’s the era of specialists.

However, this is to disregard the role the human

mind has in conveying remote places; and this is

what interests me: how a fresh interpretation, even

of a well-travelled route, can give its readers new

insights.

cutting-edge= leading-edge, front-line, pioneering,

innovative, radical #old-fashioned

scientist= someone who works or is trained in science

and so on/forth=used at the end of a list to show that

you could continue it in a similar way

criteria= standards, principles, measures, norms

approach= method, tactic, attitude

definite= sure, certain, fixed #uncertain, unsure

objective= object, purpose, aim, point, goal, intention

from the outset= from the beginning

finding= the information that someone has discovered

as a result of their study, work etc

declare= state, announce, assert, say publicly

bias= prejudice, partiality, favoritism, predisposition,

preference #impartiality

expedition= voyage, excursion, trip, journey

unique= sole, exclusive, exceptional, distinctive

#common

isolated= remote, lonely, cut off

uncontacted tribes= referred to lost tribes, are

communities who live, or have lived without significant

contact with global civilization

slant= viewpoint, attitude, perspective

move on= progress, move ahead, go on

continental= mainland, inland, interior, central, main

land

voyage= relating to a large mass of land

pole= the most northern or most southern point on a

planet, especially the earth

microbe= bug, germ, bacteria, microorganism

graze= if an animal grazes, or if you graze it, it eats

grass that is growing

aside from= besides, apart from, except for

underground= under the earth's surface

specialist= expert, professional

disregard= ignore, discount, forget

convey= communicate, send, pass on, express

fresh= good or interesting because it has not been

done, seen etc before

interpretation= clarification, understanding,

explanation

route= way, road, path

insight= vision, perception, awareness

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Nếu học được một lượng từ vựng lớn thì các bạn sẽ

không phải quan tâm đến tip này hay trick kia khi

làm bài thi IELTS Reading. Mình tin là có những bạn

1

tuần

đọc

liên

tục

được

2

cuốn

Boost

your

vocabulary, thậm chí là hơn. Truyện dài mấy trăm

trang mà nhiều bạn có thể đọc xong trong 1 đêm,

còn 1 cuốn Boost your vocabulary là khá mỏng, và

lại toàn từ đã được tra sẵn. Vậy nên hãy cố gắng

đọc thật nhanh nhé các bạn



Đinh Thắng

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17

TEST 2

READING PASSAGE 1

A

The way we travel around cities has a major impact on

whether they are sustainable. Transportation is estimated

to account for 30% of energy consumption in most of the

world’s most developed nations, so lowering the need for

energy-using vehicles is essential for decreasing the

environmental impact of mobility. But as more and more

people move to cities, it is important to think about other

kinds of sustainable travel too. The ways we travel affect

our physical and mental health, our social lives, our

access to work and culture, and the air we breathe.

Engineers are tasked with changing how we travel round

cities through urban design, but the engineering industry

still works on the assumptions that led to the creation of

the energy-consuming transport systems we have now: the

emphasis placed solely on efficiency, speed, and

quantitative data. We need radical changes, to make it

healthier, more enjoyable, and less environmentally

damaging to travel around cities.

major/significant/profound etc impact= the

major/significant/profound etc effect or influence

that an event, situation etc has on someone or

something

sustainable= able to continue without causing

damage to the environment

estimate= guess, approximate, assess

account for= comprise, make up, represent

consumption= the amount of energy, oil,

electricity etc that is used

essential= vital, crucial, critical, important

mobility= the ability to move easily from one job,

area, or social class to another

physical= bodily, corporeal, corporal #mental

access= approach, the right to enter a place, use

something, see someone etc

breathe= respire, inhale, blow, take breaths

be tasked with (doing) something= to give

someone the responsibility for doing something

assumption= supposition, hypothesis, guess

place value/importance/emphasis etc on sth=

to decide that something is important

solely= only, exclusively

efficiency= the quality of doing something well

and effectively, without wasting time, money, or

energy

quantitative= measureable, measurable,

numerical, quantifiable, calculable

radical= fundamental, essential, basic #minor

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B

Dance might hold some of the answers. That is not to

suggest everyone should dance their way to work,

however healthy and happy it might make us, but rather

that the techniques used by choreographers to

experiment with and design movement in dance could

provide engineers with tools to stimulate new ideas in city-

making. Richard Sennett, an influential urbanist and

sociologist who has transformed ideas about the way

cities are made, argues that urban design has suffered

from a separation between mind and body since the

introduction of the architectural blueprint.

C

Whereas medieval builders improvised and adapted

construction through their intimate knowledge of

materials and personal experience of the conditions on a

site, building designs are now conceived and stored in

media technologies that detach the designer from the

physical and social realities they are creating. While the

design practices created by these new technologies are

essential for managing the technical complexity of the

modern city, they have the drawback of simplifying reality

in the process.

D

To illustrate, Sennett discusses the Peachtree Center in

Atlanta, USA, a development typical of the modernist

approach to urban planning prevalent in the 1970s.

Peachtree created a grid of streets and towers

hold= possess, keep, retain, own, maintain

suggest= propose, advise, recommend

technique= method, system, procedure, skill

choreographer= a person who is skilled at

combining movements into dances to be

performed

experiment with= to try using various ideas,

methods etc to find out how good or effective they

are

stimulate= inspire, motivate, encourage

influential= having a lot of influence and therefore

changing the way people think and behave

urbanist= a person who studies and plans towns

and cities

sociologist= someone who studies or is an expert

in sociology

suffer from= undergo, experience, endure,

tolerate

separation= division, partition, disconnection

architectural= relating to architecture

blueprint= a photographic print of a plan for a

building, machine etc on special blue paper

whereas= while, however, although

medieval= primitive, out-of-date, old-fashioned

#modern

improvise= to make something by using whatever

you can find because you do not have the

equipment or materials that you need

adapt= adjust, alter, change

construction= building, structure, creation

intimate knowledge of sth= very detailed

knowledge of something as a result of careful

study or a lot of experience

site= location, spot, position, place

conceive= create, elaborate, form, invent

store in= keep, put in storage, put in safekeeping

detach= separate, remove, disconnect, isolate

#attach

reality= actuality; what actually happens or is true,

not what is imagined or thought

practice= custom, routine, tradition

complexity of= complication, intricacy #simplicity

drawback= disadvantage, problem, negative,

obstacle, block #advantage

simplify= make simpler, make things easier

#complicate

process= procedure, activity, course of action

illustrate= demonstrate, exemplify, explain, clarify

peachtree= a tree that produces peaches

typical= characteristic, distinctive, representative

#uncharacteristic

modernist= relating to or a member of the

modern art movement

approach to= a method of doing something or

dealing with a problem

urban planning= the planning and designing of

buildings, roads, and services in a town

prevalent= common at a particular time, in a

particular place, or among a particular group of

people

grid of= network, net, web, framework

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intended as a new pedestrian-friendly downtown for

Atlanta. According to Sennett, this failed because its

designers had invested too much faith in computer-aided

design to tell them how it would operate. They failed to

take into account that purpose-built street cafes could

not operate in the hot sun without the protective awnings

common in older buildings, and would need energy-

consuming air conditioning instead, or that its giant car

park would feel so unwelcoming that it would put people

off getting out of their cars. What seems entirely

predictable and controllable on screen has unexpected

results when translated into reality.

E

The same is true in transport engineering, which uses

models to predict and shape the way people move

through the city. Again, these models are necessary, but

they are built on specific world views in which certain

forms of efficiency and safety are considered and other

experiences of the city ignored. Designs that seem logical

in models appear counter-intuitive in the actual

experience of their users. The guard rails that will be

familiar to anyone who has attempted to cross a British

road, for example, were an engineering solution to

pedestrian safety based on models that prioritise the

smooth flow of traffic. On wide major roads, they often

guide pedestrians to specific crossing points and slow

intended as= planned or designed for

somebody/something

pedestrian= walker, hiker, foot-traveler

-friendly= used at the end of words to mean

"suitable for particular people to use

downtown= center, inner city, city center #suburb

faith in= trust, reliance, belief #disbelief

computer-aided design = the use of computers

to design objects

take into account= take into consideration,

consider #ignore

purpose-built= designed and made for a

particular purpose

protective= defensive, caring, protecting

awning= a sheet of material outside a shop, tent

etc to keep off the sun or the rain

-consuming= using a lot of something such as

time, energy, or space

air conditioning= air-cooling system, ventilation

system, air-circulation system #heating

giant= huge, massive, enormous #miniature

unwelcoming= hostile, unfriendly #friendly

put sb off (doing) sth= to make you dislike

something or not want to do something

get out of sth= leave, exit #enter

entirely= completely, totally, wholly, fully

predictable= foreseeable, expectable, expected

controllable= manageable, easy to deal with

#uncontrollable

unexpected= unforceseen, unanticipated,

unpredicted

translate into= convert, transform, turn, change

predict= forecast, foresee, expect, guess

move through= make a passage or journey from

one place to another

built on= to use your achievements as a base for

further development

specific= exact, precise, certain

world-view= someone's opinions and attitudes

relating to the world and things in general

logical= plausible, reasonable, sensible,

understandable

appear= seem, look like

counter-intuitive= something that is counter-

intuitive does not happen in the way you would

expect it to

guard rail= a bar along the edge of something

steep, such as stairs or a cliff, to prevent people

from falling off

base sth on/upon sth= to use something as the

thing from which something else is developed

prioritise= to put several things, problems etc in

order of importance, so that you can deal with the

most important ones first

smooth= easy, effortless, efficient

flow of= movement, stream

guide= direct, show, lead, conduct

crossing point= a place where people cross a

road, border, or river

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20

down their progress across the road by using staggered

access points to divide the crossing into two — one for

each carriageway. In doing so they make crossings feel

longer, introducing psychological barriers greatly

impacting those that are the least mobile, and encouraging

others to make dangerous crossings to get around the

guard rails. These barriers don’t just make it harder to

cross the road: they divide communities and decrease

opportunities for healthy transport. As a result, many are

now being removed, causing disruption, cost, and waste.

F

If their designers had had the tools to think with their bodies

- like dancers - and imagine how these barriers would feel,

there might have been a better solution. In order to bring

about fundamental changes to the ways we use our cities,

engineering will need to develop a richer understanding of

why people move in certain ways, and how this movement

affects them. Choreography may not seem an obvious

choice for tackling this problem. Yet it shares with

engineering the aim of designing patterns of movement

within limitations of space. It is an art form developed

almost entirely by trying out ideas with the body, and

gaining instant feedback on how the results feel.

Choreographers have deep understanding of the

psychological, aesthetic, and physical implications of

different ways of moving.

G

Observing the choreographer Wayne McGregor, cognitive

scientist David Kirsh described how he ‘thinks with the

body’. Kirsh argues that by using the body to simulate

outcomes, McGregor is able to imagine solutions that

would not be possible using purely abstract thought. This

kind of physical knowledge is valued in many areas of

expertise, but currently has no place in formal

engineering design processes. A suggested method for

transport engineers is to improvise design solutions and

get instant feedback about how they would work from their

own experience of them, or model designs at full scale in

the way choreographers experiment with groups of

dancers. Above all, perhaps, they might learn to design for

emotional as well as functional effects.

progress= development, growth, improvement

staggered= arranged in such a way that not

everything happens at the same time

access point= a piece of computer equipment

that allows computers to be connected together

without wires to share information

divide= split, break up, separate #unite

crossing= a place where two lines, roads, tracks

etc cross

carriageway= roadway, road, traffic, lane

in doing so= because of this

psychological= mental, emotional, inner, spiritual

#physical

barrier= obstacle, difficulty, impediment,

hindrance, obstruction, block

mobile= moveable, portable, active

get around= avoid, bypass, evade

disruption= disturbance, commotion, trouble,

interruption, distraction

bring about= to make something happen

fundamental= important, central, essential, vital

choreography= the art of arranging how dancers

should move during a performance

obvious= clear, understandable, noticeable,

apparent

tackle= confront, face

aim= goal, purpose, target

pattern= design, shape, form

limitation= inadequacy, shortcoming, weakness

art form= a way of expressing ideas, for example

in a painting, dance, piece of writing

try sth out= to test something such as a method

or a piece of equipment to see if it is effective or

works properly

gain= get, achieve, acquire, obtain

instant= immediate, instantaneous, rapid

feedback= respone, comment, opinion

aesthetic= artistic, visual, appealing

implication= effect, consequence, repercussion

cognitive= reasoning, mental, intellectual,

perceptive, rational, thinking

simulate= to make or produce something that is

not real but has the appearance or feeling of being

real

outcome= consequence, result, product,

conclusion

purely= only, merely, simply, solely

abstract= existing only as an idea or quality rather

than as something real that you can see or touch

#concrete

value= to think that someone or something is

important

expertise= skill, knowledge, proficiency

have no place in= to be completely unacceptable

improvise= contrive, invent, create

scale= level, size

functional= useful, practical, purposeful

#worthless

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READING PASSAGE 2

A

The passenger pigeon was a legendary species.

Flying in vast numbers across North America, with

potentially many millions within a single flock, their

migration was once one of nature’s great spectacles.

Sadly, the passenger pigeon’s existence came to an

end on 1 September 1914, when the last living

specimen died at Cincinnati Zoo. Geneticist Ben

Novak is lead researcher on an ambitious project

which now aims to bring the bird back to life through

a process known as ‘de- extinction’. The basic

premise involves using cloning technology to

bring someone/sth back to life= to cause (someone

or something that has died) to begin living again

extinct= nonexistent, dead, vanished

species= class, type, kind, sort, group

passenger pigeon= a gregarious north american

pigeon, became extinct at the beginning of the 20th

century

legendary= famous, renowned, well-known

vast= massive, huge, enormous, gigantic #small

potentially= possibly, hypothetically #actually

single= sole, only, solitary

flock= flight, group, herd

migration= relocation, passage, movement, journey

spectacle= sight, display, scene, exhibition

existence= survival, life#extinction

come to an end= to stop or end

specimen= example, sample, sampling

geneticist= a person who studies genetics

lead= chief, main top

ambitious= an ambitious plan, idea etc shows a desire

to do something good but difficult

aim= plan, intend, want

de-extinction= the production of an organism

belonging to or closely resembling an extinct species,

by methods such as cloning, gene editing, or the

selective breeding of closely related organisms.

premise= idea, ground, foundation

involve= engage, include, comprise

clone= an animal or plant produced by scientists from

one cell of another animal or plant, so that they are

exactly the same

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turn the DNA of extinct animals into a fertilised

embryo, which is carried by the nearest relative still

in existence — in this case, the abundant band-tailed

pigeon — before being born as a living, breathing

animal. Passenger pigeons are one of the pioneering

species in this field, but they are far from the only ones

on which this cutting-edge technology is being trialled.

B

In Australia, the thylacine, more commonly known as

the Tasmanian tiger, is another extinct creature which

genetic scientists are striving to bring back to life.

‘There is no carnivore now in Tasmania that fills the

niche which thylacines once occupied,’ explains

Michael Archer of the University of New South Wales.

He points out that in the decades since the thylacine

went extinct, there has been a spread in

a ’dangerously debilitating’ facial tumour syndrome

which threatens the existence of the Tasmanian

devils, the island’s other notorious resident.

Thylacines would have prevented this spread because

they would have killed significant numbers of

Tasmanian devils. ‘If that contagious cancer had

popped up previously, it would have burned out in

whatever region it started. The return of thylacines to

Tasmania could help to ensure that devils are never

again subjected to risks of this kind.’

C

If extinct species can be brought back to life, can

humanity begin to correct the damage it has caused to

the natural world over the past few millennia? ‘The

idea of de-extinction is that we can reverse this

process, bringing species that no longer exist back to

life,’ says Beth Shapiro of University of California Santa

Cruz’s Genomics Institute. ‘I don’t think that we can do

this. There is no way to bring back something that is

100 per cent identical to a species that went extinct a

long time ago.’ A more practical approach for long-

extinct species is to take the DNA of existing species

turn (sb/sth) into sth= to become something different,

or to make someone or something do this

fertilize= to make new animal or plant life develop

embryo= an animal or human that has not yet been

born, and has just begun to develop

carry= if a woman is carrying a child, she is pregnant

relative= a member of your family

in existence= existing, surviving, extant

abundant= plentiful, copious, rich #scarce

band-tailed pigeon= wild pigeon of western north

america; often mistaken for the now extinct passenger

pigeon

pioneering= introducing new and better methods or

ideas for the first time

far from= used to say that something very different is

true or happens

trial= test, experiment, check

thylacine= a striped, meat-eating australian mammal

about the size of a large dog.

creature= animal, organism, insect, living thing

genetic= relating to genes or genetics

strive to do sth= struggle, endeavor, try, make every

effort

carnivore= flesh-eater, meat-eater, predator

fill a niche= to provide something that certain kinds of

people want to buy

occupy= inhabit, live in, reside in, dominate

point out= indicate, show, reveal

spread= range, extent, diffusion

debilitating= incapacitating, weakening, enervating

facial= on your face or relating to your face

tumour= a mass of diseased cells in your body that

have divided and increased too quickly

syndrome= disease, disorder, set of symtoms

threaten= endanger, jeopardize, put at risk

notorious= infamous, disreputable #famous

resident= occupant, inhabitant, dweller

contagious= a disease that is contagious can be

passed from person to person by touch

pop up= arise, happen, appear

burn out= exhaust, break down, fatigue

ensure= guarantee, confirm, make sure

subject to= if someone or something is subject to

something, especially something bad, it is possible or

likely that they will be affected by it

risk= danger, jeopardy, hazard, threat

humanity= people, humankind

the natural/animal/plant world= all of nature, or all

animals or plants considered as a group

millennium (plural: millennia)= a period of 1000 years

reverse= to change something, such as a decision,

judgment, or process so that it is the opposite of what it

was before

no longer= in the past but not now

genomic= relating to all the genes that are found in one

type of living thing

identical to= alike, same, same #different

practical= realistic, sensible, reasonable #impractical

approach= method, tactic

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as a template, ready for the insertion of strands of

extinct animal DNA to create something new; a hybrid,

based on the living species, but which looks and/or

acts like the animal which died out.

D

This complicated process and questionable outcome

begs the question: what is the actual point of this

technology? ’For us, the goal has always been

replacing the extinct species with a suitable

replacement,’ explains Novak. ’When it comes to

breeding, band-tailed pigeons scatter and make

maybe one or two nests per hectare, whereas

passenger pigeons were very social and would make

10,000 or more nests in one hectare.’ Since the

disappearance of this key species, ecosystems in the

eastern US have suffered, as the lack of disturbance

caused by thousands of passenger pigeons wrecking

trees and branches means there has been minimal

need for regrowth. This has left forests stagnant and

therefore unwelcoming to the plants and animals

which evolved to help regenerate the forest after a

disturbance. According to Novak, a hybridised band-

tailed pigeon, with the added nesting habits of a

passenger pigeon, could, in theory, re-establish that

forest disturbance, thereby creating a habitat

necessary for a great many other native species to

thrive.

E

Another popular candidate for this technology is the

woolly mammoth. George Church, professor at

Harvard Medical School and leader of the Woolly

Mammoth Revival Project, has been focusing on cold

resistance, the main way in which the extinct woolly

mammoth and its nearest living relative, the Asian

template= pattern, model

insertion= supplement, addition, insert, attachment

strand of= element, component, constituent, part

hybrid= an animal or plant produced from parents of

different breeds or types

base on/upon= to use something as the thing from

which something else is developed

die out= become extinct, disappear, vanish #survive

complicated= complex, difficult, intricate #simple

questionable= doubtful, dubious, disputed

outcome= consequence, result, conclusion

beg= request, plead, ask for

actual= real, genuine, authentic

point of= aim, purpose, goal

replacement= substitute, substitution, alternate

#original

breeding= propagation, reproduction

scatter= spread, disperse, fly away #gather

nest= a place made or chosen by a bird to lay its eggs

in and to live in

hectare= a unit for measuring area, equal to 10,000

square metres

whereas= while

disappearance= vanishing, fading #appearance

ecosystem= bionetwork, ecology, system, environment

suffer= to become worse in quality because a bad

situation is affecting something or because nobody is

taking care of it

lack of= shortage, scarcity, unavailability #excess

disturbance= annoyance, interruption, intrusion

wreck= destroy, ruin, break

minimal= least, smallest, minimum #large

regrowth= the act of growing again; something that has

grown again

leave= to let something remain in a particular state,

position, or condition

stagnant= not changing or making progress, and

continuing to be in a bad condition

unwelcoming= hostile, unfriendly, cold #friendly

evolve to= change, grow, progress, develop #regress

regenerate= renew, revive, redevelop #degenerate

hybridize= to form a new type of plant or animal from

two existing types, so that the new type has some

qualities from each of the other types

nest= to build or use a nest

in theory= hypothetically, theoretically, on paper

re-establish= to return something to an earlier good

condition or position

thereby= thus, so, in that way, by this means

habitat= home, environment, territory

native= inhabitant, resident, local, citizen #foreigner

thrive= flourish, prosper, grow well #fail, deteriorate

candidate= someone or something that is likely to

experience or get something

woolly mammoth= a large extinct elephant

revival= recovery, rebirth, stimulation

focus on= direct, aim, concentrate

resistance= the natural ability of a person, animal, or

plant to stop diseases or difficult conditions from

harming them

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elephant, differ. By pinpointing which genetic traits

made it possible for mammoths to survive the icy

climate of the tundra, the project’s goal is to return

mammoths, or a mammoth-like species, to the area.

‘My highest priority would be preserving the

endangered Asian elephant,’ says Church,

‘expanding their range to the huge ecosystem of the

tundra. Necessary adaptations would include smaller

ears, thicker hair, and extra insulating fat, all for the

purpose of reducing heat loss in the tundra, and all

traits found in the now extinct woolly mammoth.’ This

repopulation of the tundra and boreal forests of

Eurasia and North America with large mammals could

also be a useful factor in reducing carbon emissions

— elephants punch holes through snow and knock

down trees, which encourages grass growth. This

grass growth would reduce temperatures, and mitigate

emissions from melting permafrost.

F

While the prospect of bringing extinct animals back to

life might capture imaginations, it is, of course, far

easier to try to save an existing species which is

merely threatened with extinction. ‘Many of the

technologies that people have in mind when they think

about de-extinction can be used as a form of "genetic

rescue”,’ explains Shapiro. She prefers to focus the

debate on how this emerging technology could be

used to fully understand why various species went

extinct in the first place, and therefore how we could

use it to make genetic modifications which could

prevent mass extinctions in the future. ’I would also

say there’s an incredible moral hazard to not do

anything at all,’ she continues. ‘We know that what we

are doing today is not enough, and we have to be

willing to take some calculated and measured risks.’

differ= to be different from something in some way

pinpoint= locate, identify, determine

trait= peculiarity, attribute, characteristic, feature

survive= live, endure, persist, stay alive #perish

icy= freezing, frozen, ice-cold, cold, glacial

tundra= the large flat areas of land in the north of

russia, canada etc, where it is very cold and there are

no trees

-like= used after a noun to say that something is similar

to or typical of the noun

priority= importance, precedence, significance

preserve= protect, conserve, safeguard, save

endangered= threatened, put in danger #protected

expand= enlarge, increase, spread out

range= span, scale, extent

adaptation= alteration, adjustment, modification

insulating= protecting, isolating, shielding #exposing

repopulation= the action or process of repopulating

boreal forest= the very large area of wet land in the far

northern parts of the world that is covered with conifer

trees

mammal= type of animal that drinks milk from its

mother's body when it is young. humans, dogs, and

whales are mammals.

emission= release, production, discharge #absorption

punch= to make a hole in something, using a metal tool

or other sharp object

knock down= demolish, destroy, tear down #build

grass= a very common plant with thin leaves that

covers the ground in fields and gardens and is often

eaten by animals

mitigate= alleviate, lessen, ease, diminish #aggravate

melt= if something solid melts or if heat melts it, it

becomes liquid

permafrost= a layer of soil that is always frozen in

countries where it is very cold

prospect= possibility, potential, chance

capture/catch sb’s imagination= to make people feel

very interested and excited

merely= used to emphasize that nothing more than

what you say is involved

be threaten with sth= endanger, jeopardize, imperil,

put at risk #guard

have sb/sth in mind (for sth)= to have an idea about

who or what you want for a particular purpose

rescue= when someone or something is rescued from

danger

debate= discussion, argument, deliberation

emerging= in an early state of development

various= many, several, numerous

in the first place= used to introduce a series of points

in an argument, discussion etc

modification= alteration, adjustment, change

mass= involving or intended for a very large number of

people

incredible= unbelievable, tremendous, enormous

moral= based on your ideas about what is right, rather

than on what is legal or practical

hazard= risk, chance #protect

willing to= prepared, ready #unwilling

take a risk= to decide to do something even though

you know it may have bad results

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READING PASSAGE 3

T

he findings of psychological scientists reveal the

importance of humour

Humans start developing a sense of humour as early

as six weeks old, when babies begin to laugh and smile

in response to stimuli. Laughter is universal across

all human cultures and even exists in some form in rats,

chimps, and bonobos. Lille other human emotions and

expressions, laughter and humour provide

psychological scientists with rich resources for studying

human psychology, ranging from the development of

language to the neuroscience of social perception.

finding= discovery, conclusion, result, outcome

psychological= relating to the way that your mind works

and the way that this affects your behaviour

scientist= someone who works or is trained in science

reveal= expose, tell, make public, disclose #conceal

humour= the ability or tendency to think that things are

funny, or funny things you say that show you have this

ability

sense of humour= someone who has a sense of

humour often finds things amusing, rather than being

serious all the time.

in response to sth= reply, answer, reaction

stimulus (plural: stimuli) = something that makes

someone or something move or react

laughter= when people laugh, or the sound of people

laughing

universal= worldwide, widespread, general #local

exist= be present, happen, occur

rat= an animal that looks like a large mouse

chimp= chimpanzee, ape, primate

bonobo= a small, intelligent african ape with black or

brown fur, similar to a chimpanzee

emotion= a strong human feeling such as love, hate, or

anger

expression= a look on someone's face that shows what

they are thinking or feeling

psychology= the study of the mind and how it influences

people's behaviour

range from sth to sth= to include a variety of different

things or people in addition to those mentioned

neuroscience= the scientific study of the brain

perception= the way you think about something and

your idea of what it is like

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Theories focusing on the evolution of laughter point

to it as an important adaptation for social

communication. Take, for example, the recorded

laughter in TV comedy shows. Back in 1950, US

sound engineer Charley Douglass hated dealing with

the unpredictable laughter of live audiences, so started

recording his own ‘laugh tracks’. These were intended

to help people at home feel like they were in a social

situation, such as a crowded theatre. Douglass even

recorded various types of laughter, as well as mixtures

of laughter from men, women, and children. In doing so,

he picked up on a quality of laughter that is now

interesting researchers: a simple ‘haha’ communicates

a remarkable amount of socially relevant information.

In one study conducted in 2016, samples of laughter

from pairs of English-speaking students were recorded

at the University of California, Santa Cruz. A team made

up of more than 30 psychological scientists,

anthropologists, and biologists then played these

recordings to listeners from 24 diverse societies, from

indigenous tribes in New Guinea to city-dwellers in

India and Europe. Participants were asked whether

they thought the people laughing were friends or

strangers. On average, the results were remarkably

consistent: worldwide, people’s guesses were correct

approximately 60% of the time.

Researchers have also found that different types of

laughter serve as codes to complex human social

hierarchies. A team led by Christopher Oveis from the

University of California, San Diego, found that high-

status individuals had different laughs from low-status

individuals, and that strangers’ judgements of an

theory= hypothesis, conjecture

focus on= center, concentrate on, target #ignore

evolution= development, growth, progress,

point to= direct, aim, indicate

adaptation= a film or television programme that is

based on a book or play

comedy show= a funny programme on tv or radio

deal with= cope with, handle, manage

unpredictable= erratic, changeable, unstable

live= a live television or radio programme is seen or

heard on television or radio at the same time as it is

actually happening

laugh track= recorded laughter that is used during a

television show to make it sound as if people are

laughing during the performance

intend to= aim, propose, plan, anticipate, expect

crowded= too full of people or things

various= many, several, numerous

mixture= combination, mix, assortment

in doing so= because of this

pick up on sth= notice, point out, focus on #miss

communicate= convey, reveal, share

remarkable= extraordinary, amazing, outstanding,

relevant= directly relating to the subject or problem

being discussed or considered

study= research, investigation, experiment

conduct= do, perform, accomplish, carry out

sample= example, model

pair of= couple, duo, twosome

make up= form, comprise, constitute, join up

anthropologist= someone who scientifically studies

humans and their customs, beliefs, and relationships

biologist= someone who studies or works in biology

diverse= different, distinct #similar

society= a particular large group of people who share

laws, organizations, customs etc

indigenous= native, original, aboriginal #foreign

tribe= people, community, society, population

city-dweller= a person who lives in a city

participant= someone who is taking part in an activity

or event

on average= based on a calculation about how many

times something usually happens, how much money

someone usually gets, how often people usually do

something etc

remarkably= extraordinarily, amazingly, outstandingly

consistent= continuing to happen or develop in the

same way

worldwide= universal, international, global #local

approximately= about, around, nearly #exactly

serve as= to be useful or helpful for a particular

purpose or reason

code= a set of numbers, letters, or symbols that

shows what something is or gives information about it

complex= complicated, difficult #simple

hierarchy= a system of organization in which people

or things are divided into levels of importance

status= your social or professional rank or position,

considered in relation to other people

judgement= view, opinion, feeling, assessment

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individual’s social status were influenced by the

dominant or submissive quality of their laughter. In

their study, 48 male college students were randomly

assigned to groups of four, with each group composed

of two low-status members, who had just joined their

college fraternity group, and two high-status members,

older students who had been active in the fraternity for

at least two years. Laughter was recorded as each

student took a turn at being teased by the others,

involving the use of mildly insulting nicknames.

Analysis revealed that, as expected, high-status

individuals produced more dominant laughs and fewer

submissive laughs relative to the low-status individuals.

Meanwhile, low-status individuals were more likely to

change their laughter based on their position of power;

that is, the newcomers produced more dominant laughs

when they were in the ‘powerful’ role of teasers.

Dominant laughter was higher in pitch, louder, and

more variable in tone than submissive laughter.

A random group of volunteers then listened to an equal

number of dominant and submissive laughs from both

the high- and low-status individuals, and were asked to

estimate the social status of the laugher. In line with

predictions, laughters producing dominant laughs were

perceived to be significantly higher in status than

laughers producing submissive laughs. ‘This was

particularly true for low-status individuals, who were

rated as significantly higher in status when displaying a

dominant versus submissive laugh,’ Oveis and

colleagues note. ‘Thus, by strategically displaying more

dominant laughter when the context allows, low-status

individuals may achieve higher status in the eyes of

others.’ However, high-status individuals were rated as

high-status whether they produced their natural

dominant laugh or tried to do a submissive one.

Another study, conducted by David Cheng and Lu Wang

of Australian National University, was based on the

hypothesis that humour might provide a respite from

tedious situations in the workplace. This ‘mental break’

might facilitate the replenishment of mental

resources. To test this theory, the researchers

influence= affect, inspire, shape

dominant= controlling or trying to control other

people or things - used to show disapproval

submissive= always willing to obey someone and

never disagreeing with them, even if they are unkind

to you

randomly= accidentally, by chance #deliberately

assign sb to sth= allocate, give, dispense

be composed of sth= comprise, constitute, combine,

unite, make up, put together, consist of

fraternity= all the people who work in a particular

profession or share a particular interest

active= involved, working

take a turn= to go for a short walk or ride

tease= joke, laugh

involve= include, contain, comprise, consist of

mildly= slightly, a little, a bit #considerably

insulting= abusive, offensive, rude #polite

analysis= study, examination, investigation

as expected= in the way that was planned or thought

likely to happen

relative to= in relation to, compared with

base on= to use something as the thing from which

something else is developed

newcomer= novice, beginner, amateur, apprentice

teaser= tease, joker, clown

pitch= how high or low a note or other sound is

loud= noisy, shrill #quiet

variable= changeable, erratic, fluctuating #constant

tone= the way your voice sounds, which shows how

you are feeling or what you mean

volunteer= someone who does a job willingly without

being paid

equal= equivalent, identical, alike, the same #unequal

estimate= guess, assess, reckon

laugher=

a person who laughs

in line with sth= if something changes in line with

something else, it changes in the same way and at

the same rate as it

perceive sth/sb to be sth= understand, comprehend,

realize, become aware of

particularly= especially, specifically

rate= value, evaluate, assess, rank, measure

display= show, present, demonstrate, expose

versus= against, as opposed to, contrasted with

strategically= in a way that helps to achieve a plan,

for example in business or politics

context= situation, environment, setting

achieve= attain, realize, accomplish, reach, get #fail

in the eyes of somebody= according to a particular

person or group)

hypothesis= theory, supposition, assumption, guess

respite from= interval, break

tedious= boring, dull, uninteresting #interesting

break= a period of time when you stop working in

order to rest, eat etc

facilitate= ease, enable, help #impede

replenishment= refill; to put new supplies into

something, or to fill something again

resource= reserve, supply, store, source

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recruited 74 business students, ostensibly for an

experiment on perception. First, the students

performed a tedious task in which they had to cross

out every instance of the letter ‘e’ over two pages of text.

The students then were randomly assigned to watch a

video clip eliciting either humour, contentment, or

neutral feelings. Some watched a clip of the BBC

comedy Mr. Bean, others a relaxing scene with

dolphins swimming in the ocean, and others a factual

video about the management profession.

The students then completed a task requiring

persistence in which they were asked to guess the

potential performance of employees based on provided

profiles, and were told that making 10 correct

assessments in a row would lead to a win. However,

the software was programmed such that it was nearly

impossible to achieve 10 consecutive correct answers.

Participants were allowed to quit the task at any point.

Students who had watched the Mr. Bean video ended

up spending significantly more time working on the task,

making twice as many predictions as the other two

groups.

Cheng and Wang then replicated these results in a

second study, during which they had participants

complete long multiplication questions by hand. Again,

participants who watched the humorous video spent

significantly more time working on this tedious task and

completed more questions correctly than did the

students in either of the other groups.

‘Although humour has been found to help relieve stress

and facilitate social relationships, the traditional view of

task performance implies that individuals should avoid

things such as humour that may distract them from the

accomplishment of task goals,’ Cheng and Wang

conclude. ‘We suggest that humour is not only

enjoyable but more importantly, energising.’

recruit= hire, employ #lay off

ostensibly= apparently, supposedly, seemingly,

allegedly #truly

experiment= test, research, trial

perform= do, make, implement

cross sth out= delete, remove, erase

elicit= provoke, cause, produce, stimulate

contentment= gladness, satisfaction, happiness,

pleasure #discontent

neutral= unbiased, impartial #biased

comedy= a play, film, or television programme that is

intended to make people laugh

scene= part of a play during which there is no change

in time or place

factual= truthful, realistic, real, based on fact

management= organization, running, administration,

supervision

profession= occupation, job, career, work

complete= accomplish, fulfill, finish

persistence= determination, perseverance, tenacity

profile= a short description that gives important

details about a person, a group of people, or a place

make an assessment= judgement, review,

consideration, evaluation

in a row= consecutively, one after the other,

successively, uninterruptedly

consecutive= successive, uninterrupted, sequential

end up doing sth= to be in a particular situation,

state, or place after a series of events, especially

when you did not plan it

replicate= if you replicate someone's work, a

scientific study etc, you do it again, or try to get the

same result again

multiplication= a method of calculating in which you

add a number to itself a particular number of times

by hand= done or made by a person rather than a

machine

humorous= funny, amusing, entertaining, hilarious

either of= one or the other of two things or people

relieve= release, discharge, get rid of

stress= pressure, strain, anxiety, tension, trauma

imply= suggest, infer, indicate, hint at

distract sb/th from sth= divert, sidetrack

accomplishment= completion, achievement,

attainment

conclude= end, finish, close

energizing= the activity of causing to have energy

and be active

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Nhiều bạn ngại là đọc cuốn này xong thì làm test không đánh giá đúng nữa? Thật ra câu

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và sau đó thì dùng cuốn này để không phải mất công tra từ điển, cộng thêm với việc học

synonym (từ đồng nghĩa) để hiểu đoạn văn nói gì.

Tuy nhiên, với các bạn band Reading đã ở tầm 7.0-8.0 thì cũng không cần phải làm test

quá nhiều nữa. Tập trung vào đọc bài cho thật hiểu, đến từ nào không biết thì nhìn sang

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Tự khắc điểm sẽ lên 8.0-9.0. Vì nếu học từ vựng mà không hiểu nội dung bài đọc thật sâu

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TEST 3

READING PASSAGE 1

T

he British sculptor Henry Moore was a leading

figure in the 20th-century art world

Henry Moore was born in Castleford, a small town near

Leeds in the north of England. He was the seventh child

of Raymond Moore and his wife Mary Baker. He studied

at Castleford Grammar School from 1909 to 1915, where

his early interest in art was encouraged by his teacher

Alice Gostick. After leaving school, Moore hoped to

become a sculptor, but instead he complied with his

father’s wish that he train as a schoolteacher. He had to

abandon his training in 1917 when he was sent to

Finance to fight in the First World War.

After the war, Moore enrolled at the Leeds School of

Art, where he studied for two years. In his first year, he

spent most of his time drawing. Although he wanted to

study sculpture, no teacher was appointed until his

second year. At the end of that year, he passed the

sculpture examination and was awarded a scholarship

to the Royal College of Art in London. In September

sculptor= someone who creates sculptures

leading= important, foremost, chief, top

figure= person, celebrity, individual

interest in= attention, notice, curiosity

hope= want, expect, wish

comply with= obey, fulfill, stick to #disobey

train= teach, instruct, guide

abandon= cancel, end, stop

the First World War= the big war fought in europe

between 1914 and 1918, which involved many

different countries

enroll= join, register, sign up

sculpture= the art of making objects out of stone,

wood, clay etc

appoint = employ, hire, assign

award= give, present

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1921, he moved to London and began three years of

advanced study in sculpture.

Alongside the instruction he received at the Royal

College, Moore visited many of the London museums,

particularly the British Museum, which had a wide-

ranging collection of ancient sculpture. During these

visits, he discovered the power and beauty of ancient

Egyptian and African sculpture. As he became

increasingly interested in these ‘primitive’ forms of art,

he turned away from European sculptural traditions.

After graduating, Moore spent the first six months of

1925 travelling in France. When he visited the Trocadero

Museum in Paris, he was impressed by a cast of a

Mayan sculpture of the rain spirit. It was a male

reclining figure with its knees drawn up together, and

its head at a right angle to its body. Moore became

fascinated with this stone sculpture, which he thought

had a power and originality that no other stone

sculpture possessed. He himself started carving a

variety of subjects in stone, including depictions of

reclining women, mother-and-child groups, and masks.

Moore’s exceptional talent soon gained recognition,

and in 1926 he started work as a sculpture instructor at

the Royal College. In 1933, he became a member of a

group of young artists called Unit One. The aim of the

group was to convince the English public of the merits

of the emerging international movement in modern art

and architecture.

Around this time, Moore moved away from the human

figure to experiment with abstract shapes. In 1931, he

held an exhibition at the Leicester Galleries in London.

alongside= beside, together with, combined with

instruction= training, education

particularly= especially, specifically

wide-ranging= including a wide variety of subjects,

things, or people

ancient= antique, early, prehistoric, primeval

#modern, contemporary

primitive= ancient, prehistoric, original #modern

turn away from = to stop supporting someone, or

stop using or being interested in something, or to

make someone do this

impress= excite, amaze, influence

cast= a mould into which you pour liquid metal,

plastic etc in order to make an object of a particular

shape, or the object made in this way

recline= to lie or lean back in a relaxed way

draw your knees up= to bring your legs closer to

your body

angle= position, viewpoint

fascinated= extremely interested by something or

someone

originality= innovation, novelty, uniqueness

#unoriginality

possess= own, have, hold #lack

carve= sculpt, cut, slice, shape

a variety of sth= a lot of things of the same type that

are different from each other in some way

subject= the thing or person that you show when you

paint a picture, take a photograph etc

depiction= representation, picture, illustration,

drawing

mask= something that covers your face, and has

another face painted on it, which is used for

ceremonies or special occasions

exceptional= excellent, brilliant, special #ordinary

gain= achieve, acquire, obtain, get

recognition= credit, acknowledgement,respect

aim= goal, purpose, intention, objective, target

convince= persuade, sway, talk into #dissuade

merit= value, worth, virtue #worthlessness

emerging= in an early state of development

modern art= art that was produced in the late 1860s

through the 1970s and that rejected traditionally

accepted forms and emphasized individual

experimentation and sensibility.

architecture= building, construction, planning,

structural design

move away from= to change from one opinion or

way of thinking to another

experiment= test, try out, conduct test

abstract= abstract paintings, designs etc consist of

shapes and patterns that do not look like real people

or things

exhibition= display, presentation, show

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His work was enthusiastically welcomed by

fellow sculptors, but the reviews in the press were

extremely negative and turned Moore into a notorious

figure. There were calls for his resignation from the

Royal College, and the following year, when his

contract expired, he left to start a sculpture

department at the Chelsea School of Art in London.

Throughout the 1930s, Moore did not show any

inclination to please the British public. He became

interested in the paintings of the Spanish artist Pablo

Picasso, whose work inspired him to distort the human

body in a radical way. At times, he seemed to abandon

the human figure altogether. The pages of his

sketchbooks from this period show his ideas for

abstract sculptures that bore little resemblance to the

human form.

In 1940, during the Second World War, Moore stopped

teaching at the Chelsea School and moved to a

farmhouse about 20 miles north of London. A shortage

of materials forced him to focus on drawing. He did

numerous small sketches of Londoners, later turning

these ideas into large coloured drawings in his studio. In

1942, he returned to Castleford to make a series of

sketches of the miners who worked there.

In 1944, Harlow, a town near London, offered Moore a

commission for a sculpture depicting a family. The

resulting work signifies a dramatic change in Moore’s

style, away from the experimentation of the 1930s

enthusiastically= feeling or showing a lot of interest

and excitement about something

welcome= accept, appreciate #reject

fellow= colleague, companion, partner, coworker

press= media, newspapers

turn (sb/sth) into sth= become, change into

notorious= infamous, disreputable #famous

call for= request, order, demand

resignation= an occasion when you officially

announce that you have decided to leave your job or

an organization, or a written statement that says you

will be leaving

contract= agreement, deal, bond

expire= finish, end, run out

department= section, branch, sector

throughout= during, in

inclination= a tendency to think or behave in a

particular way

please= satisfy, delight, content #displease

inspire= motivate, encourage, arouse

distort= change, alter

radical= essential, fundamental, profound

at times= sometimes

altogether= completely, entirely, totally

sketchbook/sketchpad= a number of sheets of

paper fastened together and used for drawing

bear a (close/striking/uncanny etc)

resemblance to sb/sth= look like

farmhouse= the main house on a farm, where the

farmer lives

a shortage of= lack of, scarcity, deficiency,

unavailability #excess

material= a solid substance such as wood, plastic, or

metal

force= compel, oblige, make, drive, impose

numerous= many, plentiful, #few

sketch= a simple, quickly-made drawing that does

not show much detail

series= several books, articles etc that deal with the

same subject or tell stories about the same characters

miner= mineworker, coalminer

offer= propose, suggest, put forward

commission= a request for an artist, designer, or

musician to make a piece of art or music, for which

they are paid

depict= describe, illustrate, draw

signify= indicate, show, denote

dramatic= striking, remarkable, impressive,

extraordinary, amazing

away from= further than, outside

experimentation= testing

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33

towards a more natural and humanistic subject matter.

He did dozens of studies in clay for the sculpture, and

these were cast in bronze and issued in editions of

seven to nine copies each. In this way, Moore’s world

became available to collectors all over the world. The

boost to his income enabled him to take on ambitious

projects and start working on the scale he felt his

sculpture demanded.

Critics who had begun to think that Moore had become

less revolutionary were proven wrong by the

appearance, in 1950, of the first of Moore’s series of

standing figures in bronze, with their harsh and angular

pierced forms and distinct impression of menace.

Moore also varied his subject matter in the 1950s with

such works as Warrior with Shield and Falling Warrior.

These were rare examples of Moore’s use of the male

figure and owe something to his visit to Greece in 1951,

when he had the opportunity to study ancient works of

art.

In his final years, Moore created the Henry Moore

Foundation to promote art appreciation and to

display his world. Moore was the first modern English

sculptor to achieve international critical acclaim and he

is still regarded as one of the most important sculptors

of the 20th century.

humanistic= relating to humanism (= the idea that

people do not need a god or religion to satisfy their

spiritual and emotional needs)

subject matter= what is being talked about in speech

or writing, or represented in art

dozens of sth= a lot of

study= experiment, research, examination

clay= a type of heavy sticky earth that can be used

for making pots, bricks etc

cast= mold, form, shape

bronze= a hard metal that is a mixture of copper and

tin

issue= publish, release

edition= version, publication, printing

available= accessible, existing, presented

collector= someone who collects things that are

interesting or attractive

boost= improvement, increase, enhancement

income= revenue, salary, profits #expenditure

enable sb to do sth= allow, permit, assist #prevent

take on sth= to begin to have, use, or do something

ambitious= an ambitious plan, idea etc shows a

desire to do something good but difficult

work on sth= improve, develop

scale= level, range, degree, amount

demand= require, need, want

critic= reviewer, commentator, evaluator, reporter,

journalist

revolutionary= innovative, radical #conventional

prove= show, demonstrate, verify, confirm #disprove

appearance= emergence, arrival, beginning

#disappearance

series= sequence, chain, string, progression

harsh= ugly and unpleasant to look at

angular= having sharp and definite corners #rounded

pierce= to make a small hole in or through

something, using an object with a sharp point

distinct= different, dissimilar, separate

impression= feeling, idea, though, sense

menace= a threatening quality, feeling, or way of

behaving

vary= change, alter, modify

warrior= soldier, fighter

shield= a piece of equipment made of strong plastic,

used by the police to protect themselves against

angry crowds

rare= few, odd, unique

owe sth to sb= to achieve something because of

what someone else has done

foundation= organization, charity, institute

promote= encourage, endorse, support

appreciation= understanding, awareness, grasp

display= show, exhibit, present

achieve= attain, accomplish, get #fail

critical= according to critics who give judgments

about art, films, theatre, and books

acclaim= praise, approval, commendation

#disapproval

regard sb/sth as sth= consider, think

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34

READING PASSAGE 2

A

Travelling around Thailand in the 1990s, William

Janssen was impressed with the basic rooftop

solar heating systems that were on many homes,

where energy from the sun was absorbed by a

plate and then used to heat water for domestic use.

Two decades later Janssen developed that basic

idea he saw in Southeast Asia into a portable

device that uses the power from the sun to purify

water.

B

The Desolenator operates as a mobile

desalination unit that can take water from different

places, such as the sea, rivers, boreholes and rain,

and purify it for human consumption. It is

particularly valuable in regions where natural

groundwater reserves have been polluted, or

to be impressed with= excite, amaze, astonish

rooftop= the upper surface of a roof

solar= using the power of the sun’s light and heat

heating= a system for making a room or building warm

absorb= something absorbs light, heat, energy, or noise, it

takes it in

plate= a flat and usually round dish that you eat from or

serve food on

heat= warm, boil, cook, heat up #cool

domestic= home, family, house, household #public

decade= a period of 10 years

portable= moveable, transportable, transferrable #fixed

purify= clean, disinfect, sanitize, decontaminate, refine

#contaminate

operate= function, work, run, control, use

mobile= moveable, portable, transportable #fixed

desalination= the process of removing salt from sea water

so that people can use it

unit= a single complete product made by a company

borehole= a deep hole made using special equipment,

especially in order to get water or oil out of the ground

consumption= ingesting, feasting, feeding, eating,

ingestion

particularly= especially, specifically

valuable= helpful, useful, beneficial #worthless

groundwater= water that is below the ground

reserve= store, stock, supply

pollute= dirty, spoil, contaminate #clean

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35

where seawater is the only water source available.

Janssen saw that there was a need for a

sustainable way to clean water in both the

developing and the developed countries when he

moved to the United Arab Emirates and saw large-

scale water processing. ‘I was confronted with

the enormous carbon footprint that the Gulf

nations have because of all of the desalination that

they do,’ he says.

C

The Desolenator can produce 15 litres of drinking

water per day, enough to sustain a family for

cooking and drinking. Its main selling point is that

unlike standard desalination techniques, it doesn’t

require a generated power supply: just sunlight. It

measures 120 cm by 90 cm, and is easy to

transport, thanks to its two wheels. Water enters

through a pipe, and flows as a thin film between a

sheet of double glazing and the surface of a solar

panel, where it is heated by the sun. The warm

water flows into a small boiler (heated by a solar-

powered battery) where it is converted to steam.

When the steam cools, it becomes distilled water.

The device has a very simple filter to trap particles,

and this can easily be shaken to remove them.

There are two tubes for liquid coming out: one for

the waste — salt from seawater, fluoride, etc. —

and another for the distilled water. The performance

of the unit is shown on an LCD screen and

transmitted to the company which provides

servicing when necessary.

seawater= salty water from the sea

source= supply, fund

available= accessible, existing, presented, open

#unavailable

sustainable= ecological, environmental, green, organic

#unsustainable

large-scale= using or involving a lot of effort, people,

supplies etc #small-scale

process= to make food, materials, or goods ready to be

used or sold, for example by preserving or improving them

in some way

be confronted with sth= face, encounter, deal with #avoid

enormous= huge, vast, massive, giant #tiny

carbon footprint= the amount of carbon dioxide that a

person or organization produces by the things they do,

used as a way of measuring the amount of harm they do to

the environment

drinking water= water that is pure enough for you to drink

sustain= nourish, support, feed, nurture

selling point= a particular quality that something has which

will make people want to buy it

technique= method, system, procedure, practice

generate= make, produce, create

transport= convey, bring, carry, transfer

flow= run, pour, flood, stream

film= a very thin layer of liquid, powder etc on the surface

of something

sheet= piece, page, pane

double glazing= glass on a window or door in two

separate sheets with a space between them, used to keep

noise out and heat in

surface= side, top, shell, exterior #inside

panel= board, piece, pane, sheet, plate

boiler= a container for boiling water that is part of a steam

engine, or is used to provide heating in a house

powered= working or moving using a means of power such

as electricity, a motor etc

convert sth to/into sth= change, alter, transform

steam= the hot mist that water produces when it is boiled

distilled water= water that has been made purer by being

heated until it becomes a gas and then cooled until it

becomes a liquid again

filter= something that you pass water, air etc through in

order to remove unwanted substances and make it clean or

suitable to use

trap= catch, entrap, confine

particle= a very small piece of something

shake= to move suddenly from side to side or up and

down, usually with a lot of force, or to make something or

someone do this

come out= if something comes out, it is removed from a

place

fluoride= a chemical which is believed to help protect teeth

against decay

performance= functioning, working, operation, running

transmit to= convey, transfer

servicing= when a machine or vehicle is examined and

things are done to keep it working well

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36

D

A recent analysis found that at least two-thirds of

the world’s population lives with severe water

scarcity for at least a month every year. Janssen

says that by 2030 half of the world’s population will

be living with water stress — where the demand

exceeds the supply over a certain period of time. ‘It

is really important that a sustainable solution is

brought to the market that is able to help these

people,’ he says. Many countries ‘don’t have the

money for desalination plants, which are very

expensive to build. They don’t have the money to

operate them, they are very maintenance

intensive, and they don’t have the money to buy the

diesel to run the desalination plants, so it is a really

bad situation.’

E

The device is aimed at a wide variety of users —

from homeowners in the developing world who do

not have a constant supply of water to people living

off the grid in rural parts of the US. The first

commercial versions of the Desolenator are

expected to be in operation in India early next year,

after field tests are carried out. The market for the

self-sufficient devices in developing countries is

twofold — those who cannot afford the money for

the device outright and pay through microfinance,

and middle- income homes that can lease their

own equipment. ‘People in India don’t pay for a

fridge outright; they pay for it over six months. They

would put the Desolenator on their roof and hook it

up to their municipal supply and they would get

very reliable drinking water on a daily basis,’

analysis= study, investigation, examination

two-thirds= two-thirds of something is an amount that is

two out of three equal parts of it

severe= acute, serious, dangerous, awful, terrible

scarcity= a situation in which there is not enough of

something

stress= pressure, anxiety, tension, worry

demand= requirement, need, necessity

exceed= surpass, outstrip, outdo

period= phase, interval, time, stage

plant= a factory or building where an industrial process

happens

maintenance= conservation, preservation, protection

intensive= involving a lot of activity, effort, or careful

attention in a short period of time

diesel= a type of heavy oil used instead of petrol in

engines, especially in trucks, buses, and trains

aim at= target, aim for, focus on

variety= type, kind, class

homeowner= someone who owns their home

constant= stable, steady, regular

live off sb/sth= rely on, depend on

grid= the network of electricity supply wires that connects

power stations and provides electricity to buildings in an

area

rural= country, countryside #urban

commercial= business, business-related, for profit, trade

version= type, kind, sort

in operation= the way the parts of a machine or system

work together, or the process of making a machine or

system work

field= work or study that is done in the field is done in the

real world rather than in a class or laboratory

carry out= do, perform, complete, accomplish #neglect

market= the total amount of trade in a particular kind of

goods

self-sufficient= able to provide all the things you need

without help from other people

twofold= having two important parts

afford= have enough money, pay for, meet the expense of

outright= completely, entirely, totally, fully #partially

microfinance= a system that allows people in poor

countries to borrow small amounts of money to help them

start a small business

middle-income= middle-income people have incomes that

are not high and not low

lease= rent, hire, charter

equipment= kit, tools, gear

hook up= connect, link up #disconnect

municipal= relating to or belonging to the government of a

town or city

reliable= dependable, consistent, trustworthy

#undependable

on a regular/daily/weekly etc basis= every day, week etc

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37

Janssen says. In the developed world, it is aimed at

niche markets where tap water is unavailable —

for camping, on boats, or for the military, for

instance.

F

Prices will vary according to where it is bought. In

the developing world, the price will depend on what

deal aid organisations can negotiate. In developed

countries, it is likely to come in at $1,000 (£685) a

unit, said Janssen. ‘We are a venture with a social

mission. We are aware that the product we have

envisioned is mainly finding application in the

developing world and humanitarian sector and that

this is the way we will proceed. We do realise,

though, that to be a viable company there is a

bottom line to keep in mind,’ he says.

G

The company itself is based at Imperial College

London, although Janssen, its chief executive, still

lives in the UAE. It has raised £340,000 in funding

so far. Within two years, he says, the company aims

to be selling 1,000 units a month, mainly in the

humanitarian field. They are expected to be sold in

areas such as Australia, northern Chile, Peru, Texas

and California.

niche market= a small area of trade within the economy,

often involving specialized products

tap water= water that comes out of a tap rather than a

bottle

military= army, armed forces, navy

vary= change, alter, fluctuate, modify #standardize

depend on= rely on, hinge on, rest on

deal= contract, transaction, agreement

aid= help, support, relief

negotiate= bargain, discuss, consult, confer, reach a deal

come in at= to cost a particular amount

venture= a new business activity that involves taking risks

mission= purpose, goal, aim, objective, duty

aware= conscious, mindful, cognizant #unaware,

unconscious

envision= imagine, visualize, foresee, predict

application= practical purpose for which a machine, idea

etc can be used, or a situation when this is used

humanitarian= concerned with improving bad living

conditions and preventing unfair treatment of people

sector= part, segment

proceed= continue, ensue, keep on, progress, go on

viable= a viable idea, plan, or method can work

successfully

the bottom line= used to tell someone what the most

important part of a situation is, or what the most important

thing to consider is

keep in mind= bear in mind, remember, consider

base= construct, establish, build, found

chief executive= the person with the highest rank in a

company or an organization

raise= to collect money that you can use to do a particular

job or help people

funding= money that is provided by an organization for a

particular purpose

so far= until now

field= area, topic

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38

READING PASSAGE 3

S

ome people think that fairy tales are just stories

to amuse children, but their universal and enduring

appeal may be due to more serious reasons

People of every culture tell each other fairy tales but

the same story often takes a variety of forms in

different parts of the world. In the story of Little Real

Riding Hood that European children are familiar

with, a young girl on the way to see her grandmother

meets a wolf and tells him where she is going. The

wolf runs on ahead and disposes of the

grandmother, then gets into bed dressed in the

grandmother’s clothes to wait for Little Red Riding

Hood. You may think you know the story —but which

version? In some versions, the wolf swallows up the

grandmother, while in others it locks her in a

cupboard. In some stories Red Riding Hood gets

the better of the wolf on her own, while in others a

fairy tale= a children’s story in which magical things

happen

amuse= entertain, interest, fascinate #bore

universal= worldwide, widespread, general

enduring= lasting, continuing, long-term #short-lived

appeal= attractiveness, attraction, influence, fascination

#repulsion

due to= because of, owing to, thanks to

serious= thought-provoking, important, significant

a variety of sth= a lot of things of the same type that are

different from each other in some way

hood= a part of a coat, jacket etc that you can pull up to

cover your head

be familiar with sth= to have a good knowledge or

understanding of something

wolf= a wild animal that looks like a large dog and lives

and hunts in groups

run on= go on, continue, keep going #stop

dispose of= kill, murder, assassinate

get into= to enter a place, especially when this is difficult

dress in= put on, wear #take off

version= type, kind, form, style

swallow up sb/sth= to take someone or something in so

that it is destroyed or no longer independent

lock sb in (sth)= to prevent someone from leaving a

room or building by locking the door

cupboard= storeroom, closet

get the better of somebody= to defeat someone or deal

successfully with a problem

on one’s own= without anyone’s help

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39

hunter or a woodcutter hears her cries and comes

to her rescue.

The universal appeal of these tales is frequently

attributed to the idea that they contain cautionary

messages: in the case of Little Red Riding Hood, to

listen to your mother, and avoid talking to strangers. ‘It

might be what we find interesting about this story is

that it’s got this survival-relevant information in it,’

says anthropologist Jamie Tehrani at Durham

University in the UK. But his research suggests

otherwise. ‘We have this huge gap in our knowledge

about the history and prehistory of storytelling,

despite the fact that we know this genre is an

incredibly ancient one,’ he says. That hasn’t stopped

anthropologists, folklorists and other academics

devising theories to explain the importance of fairy

tales in human society. Now Tehrani has found a way

to test these ideas, borrowing a technique from

evolutionary biologists.

To work out the evolutionary history, development

and relationships among groups of organisms,

biologists compare the characteristics of living

species in a process called ‘phylogenetic analysis’.

Tehrani has used the same approach to compare

related versions of fairy tales to discover how they

have evolved and which elements have survived

longest.

hunter= a person who hunts wild animals, or an animal

that hunts other animals for food

woodcutter= someone whose job is to cut down trees in

a forest

come to the rescue/somebody’s rescue= to save

someone who is in a dangerous situation

tale= a story about exciting imaginary events

attribute sth to sb/sth= to believe or say that a situation

or event is caused by something

cautionary= warning, deterrent, advisory

in the case of sth= an example of a particular situation

or of something happening

survival= existence #death

relevant= related, applicable # irrelevant

anthropologist= someone who scientifically studies

humans and their customs, beliefs, and relationships

suggest/say/think/decide etc otherwise= to say, think,

or decide something different

huge= enormous, vast, gigantic, massive, giant #tiny

gap= a big difference between two situations, amounts,

groups of people etc

prehistory= the time in history before anything was

written down

storytelling= the activity of writing, telling, or reading

stories

genre= type, sort, kind, category, field

incredibly= extremely, unbelievably, extraordinarily

ancient= very old, prehistoric, primeval #modern,

contemporary

folklorist= someone who studies folklore

academic= educational, scholastic

devise= invent, create, think up

theory= concept, scheme, idea, belief

borrow sth from sb= to take or copy someone's ideas,

words etc and use them in your own work, language etc

technique= method, system, procedure

evolutionary= relating to the way in which ideas or

situations gradually change and develop over a long

period of time

biologist= someone who studies or works in biology

work sth out= understand, comprehend, make sense of

organism= creature, living thing

compare= evaluate, judge, assess

characteristic= trait, feature, quality

species= class, type, kind, sort

process= procedure, progression, course of action

phylogenetic= based on natural evolutionary

relationships

analysis= examination, study, investigation

evolve= change, grow, progress, develop #regress

element= part, section, component

survive= live, continue, last, persist #perish

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40

Tehrani’s analysis focused on Little Red Riding Hood

in its many forms, which include another Western fairy

tale known as The Wolf and the Kids. Checking for

variants of these two tales and similar stories from

Africa, East Asia and other regions, he ended up

with 58 stories recorded from oral traditions. Once

his phylogenetic analysis had established that they

were indeed related, he used the same methods to

explore how they have developed and altered over

time.

First he tested some assumptions about which

aspects of the story alter least as it evolves,

indicating their importance. Folklorists believe that

what happens in a story is more central to the story

than the characters in it — that visiting a relative,

only to be met by a scary animal in disguise, is more

fundamental than whether the visitor is a little girl or

three siblings, or the animal is a tiger instead of a

wolf.

However, Tehrani found no significant difference in

the rate of evolution of incidents compared with that

of characters. ‘Certain episodes are very stable

because they are crucial to the story, but there are

lots of other details that can evolve quite freely,’ he

says. Neither did his analysis support the theory that

the central section of a story is the most conserved

part. He found no significant difference in the

flexibility of events there compared with the

beginning or the end.

But the really big surprise came when he looked at

the cautionary elements of the story. ‘Studies on

hunter-gatherer folk tales suggest that these

narratives include really important information about

the environment and the possible dangers that may

be faced there — stuff that’s relevant

variant= alternative, variation, modification

similar= alike, comparable #dissimilar

end up with sth= to be in a particular situation, state, or

place after a series of events, especially when you did not

plan it

oral tradition= a system for preserving a group's beliefs,

customs, and history, in which parents tell their children

about them, and the children tell their children, and so on

establish= found, start, create, begin, launch, set up

indeed= really, certainly, definitely

explore= search, study, investigate, survey

alter= change, modify, vary #maintain

test= examine, assess, investigate, analyze

assumption= supposition, hypothesis, theory

aspect= feature, part, characteristic, piece, trait

least= less than anything or anyone else

indicate= signify, imply, suggest, reveal, show

central= crucial, main, most important #unimportant

character= a person in a book, play, film etc

relative= a member of your family

scary= frightening, creepy, terrifying #reassuring

in disguise= pretending to be somebody else,

undercover, incognito

fundamental= important, essential, vital, major,

necessary

sibling= brother, sister, family member

significant= considerable, large, major, big #paltry

rate= proportion, amount, percentage, ratio

evolution= development, growth, progress #regression

incident= occurrence, happening, episode, event

episode= occurrence, incidence, event

stable= steady, unchanging, constant #changeable

crucial= vital, critical, central, essential, important,

necessary #trivial

freely= easily, spontaneously, without restrictions

support= if results, facts, studies etc support an idea or

view, they show or prove that it is correct

section= unit, segment, sector, fragment, part #whole

conserve= preserve, save, keep, maintain #destroy

flexibility= the ability to change or be changed easily to

suit a different situation

surprise= amazement, astonishment, shock

study= research, report, findings

hunter-gatherer= a member of a group of people that

lives by hunting and looking for plants that can be eaten,

rather than by keeping animals for food or by growing

crops

folk tale= a story that parents have passed on to their

children through speech over many years

narrative= story, tale

danger= risk, peril, threat, endangerment #safety

face= confront, encounter, meet, tackle, handle #avoid

stuff= things, objects, matter

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41

to survival,’ he says. Yet in his analysis such elements

were just as flexible as seemingly trivial details.

What, then, is important enough to be reproduced

from generation to generation?

The answer, it would appear, is fear — blood-thirsty

and gruesome aspects of the story, such as the

eating of the grandmother by the wolf, turned out to

be the best preserved of all. Why are these details

retained by generations of storytellers, when other

features are not? Tehrani has an idea: ‘In an oral

context, a story won’t survive because of one great

teller. It also needs to be interesting when it’s told by

someone who’s not necessarily a great storyteller,’

Maybe being swallowed whole by a wolf, then cut

out of its stomach alive is so gripping that it helps

the story remain popular, no matter how badly it’s

told.

Jack Zipes at the University of Minnesota,

Minneapolis, is unconvinced by Tehrani’s views on

fairy tales. ‘Even if they’re gruesome, they won’t stick

unless they matter,’ he says. He believes the

perennial theme of women as victims in stories like

Little Red Riding Hood explains why they continue to

feel relevant. But Tehrani points out that although

this is often the case in Western versions, it is not

always true elsewhere. In Chinese and Japanese

versions, often known as The Tiger Grandmother, the

villain is a woman, and in both Iran and Nigeria, the

victim is a boy.

Mathias Clasen at Aarhus University in Denmark isn’t

surprised by Tehrani’s findings. ‘Habits and morals

change, but the things that scare us, and the fact that

we seek out entertainment that’s designed to scare

us — those are constant,’ he says. Clasen believes

that scary stories teach us what it feels like to be

afraid without having to experience real danger, and

so build up resistance to negative emotions.

flexible= a person, plan etc that is flexible can change or

be changed easily to suit any new situation

#inflexible

seemingly= apparently, outwardly #really

trivial= unimportant, small, minor, insignificant, slight,

negligible #crucial

reproduce= copy, replicate, duplicate, imitate, mimic

generation= all people of about the same age

appear= seem, look, look like

fear= terror, dread, horror, anxiety, distress, panic

#assurance

blood-thirsty= describing or showing violence

gruesome= horrible, dreadful, frightening, grisly

#pleasant

turn out to be sth= end up, become

preserve= maintain, keep, sustain, save, conserve

#destroy

retain= hold, preserve, maintain, save, keep

storyteller= teller, narrator, teller of tales

feature= characteristic, aspect, element

oral= spoken, verbal #written

context= setting, situation, framework, circumstance

swallow= ingest, consume, eat

cut out of sth= remove, take away, take out

gripping= a gripping film, story etc is very exciting and

interesting

remain= continue, persist, keep on, go on #stop

no matter how/whether/what etc= used to say that

something is true or that something happens whatever

the situation is

unconvinced= not persuaded that something is true or

good

view= opinion, viewpoint, idea

stick= if something sticks, it becomes fixed in one

position and is difficult to move

matter= to be important, especially to be important to

you, or to have an effect on what happens

perennial= recurrent, constant, regular #occasional

theme= subject, topic, idea, thesis

victim= someone who has been attacked, robbed, or

murdered

point out= indicate, show, reveal, identify

case= example, illustration, instance

villain= the main bad character in a film, play, or story

finding= discovery, result, coclusion

moral= ethical, good, honest, principled #immoral

scare= frighten, terrify, panic #reassure

seek out= look for, seek, search for, hunt for

constant= staying the same

build up= boost, bolster, increase, develop

resistance= the natural ability of a person, animal, or

plant to stop diseases or difficult conditions from harming

them

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42

TEST 4

READING PASSAGE 1

T

he arid valleys of southern Peru are welcoming the

return of a native plant

The south coast of Peru is a narrow, 2,000-kilometre-

long strip of desert squeezed between the Andes and

the Pacific Ocean. It is also one of the most fragile

ecosystems on Earth. It hardly ever rains there. and

the only year-round source of water is located tens of

metres below the surface. This is why the huarango

tree is so suited to life there: it has the longest roots of

any tree in the world. They stretch down 50-80 metres

and, as well as sucking up water for the tree, they bring

it into the higher subsoil, creating a water source for

other plant life.

huarango= The huarango tree (Prosopis pallida) is

native to semi-arid areas of Colombia, Ecuador and

Peru

arid= dry, parched, waterless, scorched #humid

return= reappearance, reoccurrence

native= indigenous, local, aboriginal, resident #foreign

narrow= thin, slim, slender #wide

strip= a long narrow area of land

desert= a large area of land where it is always very

hot and dry, and there is a lot of sand

squeeze= to try to make something fit into a space

that is too small, or to try to get into such a space

fragile= frail, weak, feeble #strong

ecosystem= bionetwork, ecology, environment

year-round= happening through the whole year

source= supply, fund, resource

surface= exterior, shell, top, face

suited to= suitable, well-matched, appropriate, fit

stretch= reach, extend, reach out

suck= to take air, liquid etc into your mouth by making

your lips form a small hole and using the muscles of

your mouth to pull it in

subsoil= the layer of soil between the ground’s

surface and the lower layer of hard rock

create= make, generate, produce #destroy

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43

Dr David Beresford-Jones, archaeobotanist at

Cambridge University, has been studying the role of

the huarango tree in landscape change in the Lower

Ica Valley in southern Peru. He believes the huarango

was key to the ancient people’s diet and because it

could reach deep water sources, it allowed local people

to withstand years of drought when their other crops

failed. But over the centuries huarango trees were

gradually replaced with crops. Cutting down native

woodland leads to erosion, as there is nothing to keep

the soil in place. So when the huarangos go, the land

turns into a desert. Nothing grows at all in the Lower

Ica Valley now.

For centuries the huarango tree was vital to the people

of the neighbouring Middle lca Valley too. They grew

vegetables under it and ate products made from its

seed pods. Its leaves and bark were used for herbal

remedies, while its branches were used for charcoal

for cooking and heating, and its trunk was used to build

houses. But now it is disappearing rapidly. The

majority of the huarango forests in the valley have

already been cleared for fuel and agriculture —

initially, these were smallholdings, but now they’re

huge farms producing crops for the international

market.

'Of the forests that were here 1,000 years ago, 99 per

cent have already gone,’ says botanist Oliver Whaley

from New Gardens in London, who, together with

ethnobotanist Dr William Milliken, is running a

pioneering project to protect and restore the rapidly

archaeobotanist= A person engaged in

archaeobotany

study= examine, investigate, analyze

landscape= scenery, scene, surroundings

ancient= antique, prehistoric, primeval, age-old

#modern, contemporary

diet= eating habits, pattern of eating, food and drink

reach= get, stretch to, touch

withstand= endure, survive, bear

drought= a long period of dry weather when there is

not enough water for plants and animals to live

crop= a plant such as wheat, rice, or fruit that is grown

by farmers and used as food

gradually= slowly, progressively, steadily #rapidly

replace sth with sth= exchange, substitute, use

instead

cut down= reduce, decrease #increase, expand

woodland= forest

lead to= cause, bring about, result in

erosion= the process by which rock or soil is gradually

destroyed by wind, rain, or the sea

in place= in the correct position

go= die, pass away #live

turn into= turn out to be, become, develop into

vital= critical, crucial, necessary, important

#unimportant

neighbouring= near the place where you are or the

place you are talking about; nearby

seed= a small hard object produced by plants, from

which a new plant of the same kind grows

pod= a long narrow seed container that grows on

various plants, especially peas and beans

bark= the outer covering of a tree

herbal remedy= a medical treatment made with herbs

branch= a part of a tree that grows out from the trunk

(=main stem) and that has leaves, fruit, or smaller

branches growing from it

charcoal= a black substance made of burnt wood that

can be used as fuel

trunk= the thick central woody stem of a tree

disappear= vanish, withdraw #appear

rapidly= quickly, fast, speedily #slowly

majority= most of the people or things in a group

fuel= petroleum, oil, coal, gas, energy, gasoline

agriculture= farming, cultivation, crop growing

initially= firstly, originally, at first #finally

smallholding= a piece of land used for farming, that is

smaller than an ordinary farm

huge= enormous, vast, gigantic, giant, colossal #tiny

botanist= someone whose job is to make scientific

studies of wild plants

together with= in cooperation with, in company with

ethnobotanist= a scholar or researcher in the field of

ethnobotany (ethnobotany= the scientific study of the

traditional knowledge and customs of a people

concerning plants and their medical, religious, and

other uses).

run= manage, lead, organize, control

pioneering= new, innovative, revolutionary

restore= reinstate, return, bring back

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44

disappearing habitat. In order to succeed, Whaley

needs to get the local people on board, and that has

meant overcoming local prejudices. ‘Increasingly

aspirational communities think that if you plant food

trees in your home or street, it shows you are poor, and

still need to grow your own food,’ he says. In order to

stop the Middle Ica Valley going the same way as the

Lower Ica Valley, Whaley is encouraging locals to love

the huarangos again. ‘It’s a process of cultural

resuscitation,’ he says. He has already set up a

huarango festival to reinstate a sense of pride in their

eco-heritage, and has helped local schoolchildren plant

thousands of trees.

‘In order to get people interested in habitat restoration,

you need to plant a tree that is useful to them,’ says

Whaley. So, he has been working with local families to

attempt to create a sustainable income from the

huarangos by turning their products into foodstuffs.

‘Boil up the beans and you get this thick brown syrup

like molasses. You can also use it in drinks, soups or

stews.’ The pods can be ground into flour to make

cakes, and the seeds roasted into a sweet, chocolatey

‘coffee’. ‘It’s packed full of vitamins and minerals,’

Whaley says.

And some farmers are already planting huarangos.

Alberto Benevides, owner of Ica Valley’s only certified

organic farm, which Whaley helped set up, has been

planting the tree for 13 years. He produces syrup and

flour, and sells these products at an organic farmers’

market in Lima. His farm is relatively small and doesn’t

yet provide him with enough to live on, but he hopes

this will change. ‘The organic market is growing rapidly

in Peru,’ Benevides says. ‘I am investing in the future.’

habitat= environment, habitation, home

on board= involved with something or working for an

organization

overcome= beat, defeat, triumph over

prejudice= bias, preconception, prejudgment

aspirational= ambitious, aspiring, motivated

#unambitious

encourage= urge, persuade, promote

process= procedure, progression, course of action

resuscitation= revival, recovery

set up= establish, launch

reinstate= restore, return, reestablish, recall

a sense of pride= satisfaction, pleasure, delight,

enjoyment

eco- = relating to the environment

heritage= the traditional beliefs, values, customs etc

of a family, country, or society

restoration= reinstatement, return

attempt to do sth= try, endeavor, struggle

sustainable= able to continue for a long time

income= revenue, salary, profits

foodstuff= food - used especially when talking about

the business of producing or selling food

boil sth up= to heat food or a liquid until it begins to

boil

syrup= a thick sticky sweet liquid, eaten on top of or

mixed with other foods

molasses= a thick dark sweet liquid that is obtained

from raw sugar plants when they are being made into

sugar

stew= a hot meal made by cooking meat and

vegetables slowly in liquid for a long time

grind sth into sth= to press something onto a surface

and rub it with a strong twisting movement

flour= a powder that is made by crushing wheat or

other grain and that is used for making bread, cakes

etc

roast= bake, cook

chocolatey= tasting or smelling of chocolate

pack= package, wrap

mineral= a natural substance such as iron that is

present in some foods and is important for good health

owner= someone who owns something

certify= confirm, verify, declare

organic= natural, unrefined, pure, raw #artificial

relatively= comparatively, quite, fairly

live on sth= to have a particular amount of money to

buy food and other necessary things

grow= expand, extend, develop #shrink

invest sth in sth= to buy shares, property, or goods

because you hope that the value will increase and you

can make a profit

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45

But even if Whaley can convince the local people to

fall in love with the huarango again, there is still the

threat of the larger farms. Some of these cut across

the forests and break up the corridors that allow the

essential movement of mammals, birds and pollen up

and down the narrow forest strip. In the hope of

counteracting this, he’s persuading farmers to let him

plant forest corridors on their land. He believes the extra

woodland will also benefit the farms by reducing their

water usage through a lowering of evaporation and

providing a refuge for bio-control insects.

‘If we can record biodiversity and see how it all works,

then we’re in a good position to move on from there.

Desert habitats can reduce down to very little,’ Whaley

explains. ‘It’s not like a rainforest that needs to have

this huge expanse. Life has always been confined to

corridors and islands here. If you just have a few trees

left, the population can grow up quickly because it’s

used to exploiting water when it arrives.’ He sees his

project as a model that has the potential to be rolled

out across other arid areas around the world. ‘If we can

do it here, in the most fragile system on Earth, then

that’s a real message of hope for lots of places,

including Africa, where there is drought and they just

can’t afford to wait for rain.’

even if= whether or not

convince= persuade, sway #dissuade

fall in love with= a strong feeling of liking someone a

lot combined with sexual attraction

threat of= menace, intimidation, risk

cut across= to go straight from one side of an area to

another instead of going around

break up= disperse, separate, split up #unite

corridor= a narrow area of land between cities or

countries that has different qualities or features from

the land around it

essential= important, crucial, critical #unnecessary

mammal= a type of animal that drinks milk from its

mother’s body when it is young. Humans, dogs, and

whales are mammals

pollen= a fine powder produced by flowers, which is

carried by the wind or by insects to other flowers of the

same type, making them produce seeds

up and down somewhere= everywhere in a particular

area, especially an area that stretches from north to

south:

in the hope of= because you hope that you will do

something

counteract= counter, lessen, reduce

persuade= convince, encourage, sway

usage= management, control, handling, use

evaporation= if a liquid evaporates, or if heat

evaporates it, it changes into a gas

refuge= sanctuary, shelter, protection

bio-= relating to or using living things

insect= bug, pest, creature

biodiversity= the variety of plants and animals in a

particular place

be in a position to do something= to be able to do

something because you have the ability, money, or

power to do it

move on from= to develop in your life, and change

your relationships, interests, activities etc

rainforest= a tropical forest with tall trees that are very

close together, growing in an area where it rains a lot

expanse= area, region

be confined to somewhere/sth= to exist only in a

particular area or group of people

grow up= grow, develop

exploit= use, utilize #waste

potential= if people or things have potential, they

have a natural ability or quality that could develop to

make them very good

roll sth out= to make a new product available for

people to buy or use

afford to do sth= to have enough time to do

something

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46

READING PASSAGE 2

L

a Gomera is one of the Canary Islands situated

in the Atlantic Ocean off the northwest coast of

Africa. This small volcanic island is mountainous,

with steep rocky slopes and deep, wooded

ravines, rising to 1,457 metres at its highest peak.

It is also home to the best known of the world’s

whistle ‘languages’, a means of transmitting

information over long distances which is perfectly

adapted to the extreme terrain of the island.

This ‘language’, known as ‘Silbo’ or Silbo Gomero’ -

from the Spanish word for ‘whistle’ - is now

shedding light on the language-processing abilities

of the human brain, according to scientists.

Researchers say that Silbo activates parts of the

brain normally associated with spoken language,

suggesting that the brain is remarkably flexible in

whistle= a high sound made by blowing a whistle, by

blowing air out through your lips, or when air or steam is

forced through a small opening

situate= position, place, locate

coast= shore, seaside #interior

volcanic= relating to or caused by a volcano

mountainous= a mountainous area has a lot of mountains

steep= a road, hill etc that is steep slopes at a high angle

rocky= covered with rocks or made of rock

slope= a piece of ground or a surface that slopes

wooded= woody, forested, timbered

ravine= a deep narrow valley with steep sides

rise= to be very tall

peak= top, summit, apex #base

means= method, way

transmit= convey, spread, transfer

adapt to= adjust, change, modify

extreme west/end/left etc=the part furthest to the west,

nearest the end etc

terrain= land, territory, ground

throw/shed/cast light on something=

to provide new information that makes a difficult subject or

problem easier to understand

activate= trigger, make active, start #stop

normally= usually, typically, generally

be associated (with somebody/something)= to be

related to a particular subject, activity etc

remarkably= extraordinarily, amazingly, outstandingly,

astonishingly #unremarkably

flexible= adaptable, elastic #rigid

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47

its ability to interpret sounds as language.

‘Science has developed the idea of brain areas that

are dedicated to language, and we are starting to

understand the scope of signals that can be

recognised as language,’ says David Corina, co-

author of a recent study and associate professor

of psychology at the University of Washington in

Seattle.

Silbo is a substitute for Spanish, with individual

words recoded into whistles which have high- and

low-frequency tones. A whistler — or silbador —

puts a finger in his or her mouth to increase the

whistle’s pitch, while the other hand can be cupped

to adjust the direction of the sound. ‘There is much

more ambiguity in the whistled signal than in the

spoken signal,’ explains lead researcher Manuel

Carreiras, psychology professor at the University of

La Laguna on the Canary island of Tenerife.

Because whistled ‘words’ can be hard to

distinguish, silbadores rely on repetition, as well

as awareness of context, to make themselves

understood.

The silbadores of Gomera are traditionally

shepherds and other isolated mountain folk, and

their novel means of staying in touch allows them

to communicate over distances of up to 10

kilometres. Carreiras explains that silbadores are

able to pass a surprising amount of information via

their whistles. ‘In daily life they use whistles to

communicate short commands, but any Spanish

sentence could be whistled.’ Silbo has proved

particularly useful when fires have occurred on the

interpret sth as sth= to believe that something someone

does or something that happens has a particular meaning

dedicate to= to use a place, time, money etc only for a

particular purpose

scope of= range of, scale of

signal= sign, hint, indication

recognize= acknowledge, understand, comprehend

co-author= one of two or more people who write a book,

article, report, etc. together

associate professor= a professor at an american

university whose job is above the level of assistant

professor and below the level of professor

psychology= the study of the mind and how it influences

people's behaviour

substitute for= alternative, replacement, surrogate

recode= put (something, especially a computer program)

into a different code

frequency= the number of radio waves, sound waves etc

that pass any point per second

tone= pitch, sound

whistler= a person or thing that whistles

pitch= tone, note

cup= to hold something in your hands, so that your hands

form part of a circle around it

adjust= change, modify, amend

ambiguity in= the state of being unclear, confusing, or not

certain, or things that produce this effect

lead= chief, main, principal

distinguish= recognize, perceive, understand

rely on= depend on

repetition= repeat, duplication, recurrence

awareness of= the ability to notice something using your

senses

context= the situation, events, or information that are

related to something and that help you to understand it

shepherd= someone whose job is to take care of sheep

isolated= remote, inaccessible, lonely #nearby

mountain folk= generally people who live in mountainous

areas

novel= new, innovative, unusual, unique

means of= a way of doing or achieving something

stay in touch (with sth)= to have the latest information or

knowledge about something

pass= deliver, spread

surprising= astonishing, amazing, extraordinary

#expected

via= through, by, by means of, by the use of

command= an order that should be obeyed

prove= show, demonstrate

occur= happen, appear

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48

island and rapid communication across large areas

has been vital.

The study team used neuroimaging equipment to

contrast the brain activity of silbadores while

listening to whistled and spoken Spanish. Results

showed the left temporal lobe of the brain, which is

usually associated with spoken language, was

engaged during the processing of Silbo. The

researchers found that other key regions in the

brain’s frontal lobe also responded to the whistles,

including those activated in response to sign

language among deaf people. When the

experiments were repeated with non-whistlers,

however, activation was observed in all areas of

the brain.

‘Our results provide more evidence about the

flexibility of human capacity for language in a

variety of forms,’ Corina says. ‘These data suggest

that left-hemisphere language regions are uniquely

adapted for communicative purposes, independent

of the modality of signal. The non- Silbo speakers

were not recognising Silbo as a language. They had

nothing to grab onto, so multiple areas of their

brains were activated.’

Carreiras says the origins of Silbo Gomero remain

obscure, but that indigenous Canary Islanders,

who were of North African origin, already had a

whistled language when Spain conquered the

volcanic islands in the 15th century. Whistled

languages survive today in Papua New Guinea,

Mexico, Vietnam, Guyana, China, Nepal, Senegal,

and a few mountainous pockets in southern

vital= critical, crucial, important #unimportant

neuroimaging= a clinical specialty concerned with

producing images of the brain by noninvasive techniques

(such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance

imaging)

contrast= compare, distinguish, differentiate

temporal= (anatomy) near the temple(s) at the side of the

head

lobe=

a round part of an organ in your body, especially in

your brain or lungs

engage= involve, participate, take part

region= area, section, zone

frontal lobe= the anterior division of each cerebral

hemisphere (anterior= front, forward; cerebral=

relating to

or affecting your brain;

hemisphere=

one of the two

halves of your brain)

respond to= react to, reply

in response to sth= reply, answer, reaction

sign language= a language that uses hand movements

instead of spoken words, used by people who cannot hear

well

deaf= physically unable to hear anything or unable to hear

well

experiment= test, research

activation= the act of making something start or making it

start working

observe= perceive, see, watch

evidence= proof, data

flexibility= the ability to change or be changed easily to

suit a different situation

capacity= ability, capability, aptitude #inability

a variety of sth= a lot of things of the same type that are

different from each other in some way

form= type, kind, way

hemisphere= one of the two halves of your brain

uniquely= exclusively, distinctively, #commonly

independent= separate, unconnected, unrelated

modality= a particular way of doing or experiencing

something

non- =used to say that someone or something is not a

particular thing, or does not do a particular thing

grab= grasp, take

multiple= numerous, many, various #few

origin= the country, race, or type of family which someone

comes from

obscure= unclear, ambiguous, vague #clear

indigenous= native, original, aboriginal #foreign

conquer= capture, occupy, take control of #surrender

survive= live, continue, last #perish

pocket= a small area or amount of something that is

different from what surrounds it

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49

Europe. There are thought to be as many as 70

whistled languages still in use, though only 12 have

been described and studied scientifically. This form

of communication is an adaptation found among

cultures where people are often isolated from each

other, according to Julien Meyer, a researcher at the

Institute of Human Sciences in Lyon, France. ‘They

are mostly used in mountains or dense forests,’ he

says. ‘Whistled languages are quite clearly defined

and represent an original adaptation of the spoken

language for the needs of isolated human groups.’

But with modern communication technology now

widely available, researchers say whistled

languages like Silbo are threatened with

extinction. With dwindling numbers of Gomera

islanders still fluent in the language, Canaries’

authorities are taking steps to try to ensure its

survival. Since 1999, Silbo Gomero has been

taught in all of the island’s elementary schools. In

addition, locals are seeking assistance from the

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural

Organization (UNESCO). ‘The local authorities are

trying to get an award from the organisation to

declare [Silbo Gomero] as something that should be

preserved for humanity,’ Carreras adds.

be in use= a machine, place etc that is in use is being

used

scientifically= methodically, systematically, logically,

adaptation= version, edition, variation

dense= thick

represent= signify, characterize, symbolize

#misrepresent

original= fundamental, primary, earliest #last

widely= extensively, generally, commonly #narrowly

available= accessible, obtainable, existing #unavailable

threaten= endanger, jeopardize, put at risk #guard

extinction= death, disappearance #survival

dwindle= decline, decrease, diminish, fall

fluent= someone who speaks fluent french etc speaks it

like a person from that country

authority= an official organization or a government

department that has the power to make decisions, and has

particular responsibilities

step= one of a series of things that you do in order to deal

with a problem or to succeed

ensure= guarantee, confirm, make sure

survival= existence, persistence #death

elementary school= a school in the us where basic

subjects are taught for the first six years of a child's

education

locals= residents, citizens, natives #strangers

seek (sb's) advice/help/assistance etc= to ask someone

for advice or help

local= native, indigenous, resident #foreign

the authorities= the people or organizations that are in

charge of a particular country or area

declare= announce, assert, affirm, proclaim

preserve= protect, conserve, save #destroy

humanity= humankind, people, civilization

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READING PASSAGE 3

The environmental practices of big businesses are

shaped by a fundamental fact that for many of us

offends our sense of justice. Depending on the

circumstances, a business may maximize the amount

of money it makes, at least in the short term, by

damaging the environment and hurting people. That is

still the case today for fishermen in an unmanaged

fishery without quotas, and for international logging

companies with short-term leases on tropical rainforest

land in places with corrupt officials and

practice= habit, custom, way, method

business= company, corporation, organization

shape= influence, affect, form

fundamental= basic, primary, elementary

offend= to seem bad or unacceptable to someone

sense of= a feeling about something

justice= fairness in the way people are treated

depend on= rely on, count on #mistrust

circumstance= context, situation, condition

maximize= increase, expand, raise #minimize

short term= continuing for only a short time, or

relating only to the period that is not very far into the

future

it is the case (that)= a situation that exists,

especially as it affects a particular person or group

fishermen= someone who catches fish as a sport

or as a job

unmanaged= not controlled or regulated

fishery= a part of the sea where fish are caught in

large numbers

quota= an official limit on the number or amount of

something that is allowed in a particular period

logging company= a company that fells trees and

sells timber

lease= rent, hire, charter

tropical rainforest = thick forest that grows in hot

parts of the world

in places= if something has particular

characteristics or features in places, it has them at

several points within an area.

corrupt= using your power in a dishonest or illegal

way in order to get an advantage for yourself

official= administrator, representative, officer

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unsophisticated landowners. When government

regulation is effective, and when the public is

environmentally aware, environmentally clean big

businesses may out-compete dirty ones, but the reverse

is likely to be true if government regulation is ineffective

and if the public doesn’t care.

It is easy for the rest of us to blame a business for

helping itself by hurting other people. But blaming alone is

unlikely to produce change. It ignores the fact that

businesses are not charities but profit-making

companies, and that publicly owned companies with

shareholders are under obligation to those

shareholders to maximize profits, provided that they do

so by legal means. US laws make a company’s

directors legally liable for something termed ‘breach of

fiduciary responsibility’ if they knowingly manage a

company in a way that reduces profits. The car

manufacturer Henry Ford was in fact successfully sued

by shareholders in 1919 for raising the minimum wage of

his workers to $5 per day: the courts declared that, while

Ford’s humanitarian sentiments about his employees

were nice, his business existed to make profits for its

stockholders.

Our blaming of businesses also ignores the ultimate

responsibility of the public for creating the conditions

that let a business profit through destructive

unsophisticated= unexperienced, inexperienced,

ingenuous, simple #sophisticated

landowner= property-owner, landlord, owner,

proprietor #tenant

regulation= rule, law

effective= efficient, successful, helpful #ineffective

environmentally= ecologically, globally,

biologically, naturally

out-compete= to be more successful than someone

or something

the reverse= contrary, opposite

blame= criticize, condemn #praise

ignore= disregard, overlook, pay no attention to

charity= an organization that gives money, goods,

or help to people who are poor, sick etc

profit-making= a profit-making organization or

business makes a profit

publicly owned companies= businesses that are

owned by many people who have bought shares in

them

shareholder= someone who owns shares in a

company or business

under obligation to= duty, responsibility

profit= income, revenue, return #loss

provided that= used to say that something will only

be possible if something else happens or is done

legal= lawful, permissible, authorized #illegal

means= way, method

director= manager, leader, boss

legally= lawfully, officially, validly #illegally

liable= accountable, legally responsible

term= call, name, label

breach= an action that breaks a law, rule, or

agreement

fiduciary= someone who is responsible for the

assets of people, organizations etc and, by law,

must protect their interests

responsibility= duty, accountability

knowingly= intentionally, deliberately, consciously

sue= to make a legal claim against someone,

especially for money, because they have harmed

you in some way

minimum= least, smallest, lowest #maximum

wage= salary, income, earnings

court= the place where a trial is held, or the people

there, especially the judge and the jury who

examine the evidence and decide whether someone

is guilty or not guilty

declare= announce, assert, state, proclaim

humanitarian= concerned with improving bad living

conditions and preventing unfair treatment of people

sentiment= feeling, attitude

stockholder= shareholder, owner, investor

ultimate= fundamental, essential, basic

condition= something that must exist or happen

first, before something else can happen

destructive= harmful, negative, damaging

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environmental policies. In the long run, it is the public,

either directly or through its politicians, that has the

power to make such destructive policies unprofitable

and illegal, and to make sustainable environmental

policies profitable.

The public can do that by suing businesses for harming

them, as happened after the Exxon Valdez disaster, in

which over 40,000 m3 of oil were spilled off the coast of

Alaska. The public may also make their opinion felt by

preferring to buy sustainably harvested products; by

making employees of companies with poor track

records feel ashamed of their company and complain

to their own management; by preferring their

governments to award valuable contracts to businesses

with a good environmental track record; and by pressing

their governments to pass and enforce laws and

regulations requiring good environmental practices.

In turn, big businesses can exert powerful pressure on

any suppliers that might ignore public or government

pressure. For instance, after the US public became

concerned about the spread of a disease known as

BSE, which was transmitted to humans through infected

meat, the US government’s Food and Drug

Administration introduced rules demanding that the

meat industry abandon practices associated with the

risk of the disease spreading. But for five years the meat

packers refused to follow these, claiming that they

would be too expensive to obey. However, when a major

policy= strategy, rule, procedure, program

in the long run= at a time that is far away in the

future

politician= someone who works in politics,

especially an elected member of the government

unprofitable= making no profit

illegal= unlawful, banned, illegitimate #legal

sustainable= able to continue without causing

damage to the environment

profitable= producing a profit or a useful result

the public= ordinary people who do not work for the

government or have any special position in society

harm= damage, injure, destroy #help

disaster= calamity, tragedy, catastrophe

spill= fall, drop, leak

coast= shore, coastline, seaside #interior

prefer= favor, desire, choose

sustainably= in a way that causes little or no

damage to the environment and therefore able to

continue for a long time

poor= substandard= worse than usual

track record= all of a person’s or organization’s

past achievements, successes, or failures, which

show how well they have done something in the

past and how well they are likely to do in the future

ashamed of= feeling uncomfortable because

someone does something that embarrasses you

complain to= to say that you are annoyed, not

satisfied, or unhappy about something or someone

award= give, grant

valuable= important, valued #worthless

contract= agreement, deal

press= pressure, force, urge, oblige

pass= to officially accept a law or proposal,

especially by voting

enforce= apply, impose, implement, carry out

require= oblige, force, demand

in turn= one after another, sequentially

exert= use, apply, utilize

powerful= influential, controlling, dominant

pressure on= an attempt to persuade someone by

using influence, arguments, or threats

supplier= provider, contractor, seller #consumer

concerned about= anxious, worried

spread of= expansion, growth, mushrooming

transmit= transfer, spread, pass on

infected= contaminated, polluted

introduce= to formally present a possible new law

to be discussed

rule= law, regulation, instruction

demand= require, command

abandon= discard, dispose of #keep

associated with= related, connected

risk= danger, jeopardy, peril, threat #safety

packer= a person whose job is wrapping or tying

items or putting them in containers

refuse to= reject, say no #accept

claim (that)= to state that something is true, even

though it has not been proved

obey= follow, submit #disobey

major= main, key, chief #minor

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fast-food company then made the same demands after

customer purchases of its hamburgers plummeted, the

meat industry complied within weeks. The public’s task

is therefore to identify which links in the supply chain

are sensitive to public pressure: for instance, fast-food

chains or jewelry stores, but not meat packers or gold

miners.

Some readers may be disappointed or outraged that I

place the ultimate responsibility for business practices

harming the public on the public itself. I also believe that

the public must accept the necessity for higher prices for

products to cover the added costs, if any, of sound

environmental practices. My views may seem to ignore

the belief that businesses should act in accordance with

moral principles even if this leads to a reduction in their

profits. But I think we have to recognize that, throughout

human history, in all politically complex human

societies, government regulation has arisen precisely

because it was found that not only did moral principles

need to be made explicit, they also needed to be

enforced.

To me, the conclusion that the public has the ultimate

responsibility for the behavior of even the biggest

businesses is empowering and hopeful, rather than

disappointing. My conclusion is not a moralistic one

about who is right or wrong, admirable or selfish, a good

guy or a bad guy. In the past, businesses have changed

when the public came to expect and require different

behavior, to reward businesses for behavior that the

public wanted, and to make things difficult for businesses

practicing behaviors that the public didn’t want. I predict

that in the future, just as in the past, changes in public

attitudes will be essential for changes in businesses’

environmental practices.

fast-food= food such as hamburgers which is

prepared quickly and that you can take away with

you

purchase of= buy, acquire #sell

plummet= fall, drop, crash #climb

comply= obey, submit #disobey

task= job, duty, mission

identify= recognize, find, detect

supply chain= the system of people and things that

are involved in getting a product from the place

where it is made to the person who buys it

sensitive= easily affected or damaged by

something such as a substance or temperature

chain= a number of shops, hotels, cinemas etc

owned or managed by the same company or person

miner= mineworker, coalminer

disappointed= dissatisfied, upset #pleased

outraged= annoyed, irritated, angry #calm

necessity= requirement, must, essential

cover= include, comprise, contain

added= additional, extra, supplementary #less

sound= complete and thorough

in accordance with= according to a rule, system

etc

moral= ethical, right #immoral

principle= rule, law

lead to= cause, bring about, result in

politically= in a political way

complex= compound, multifaceted #simple

arise= happen, occur, appear

precisely= exactly, correctly, accurately

explicit= clear, precise, exact #vague

behavior= manner, action, performance

empower= to give someone official or legal

authority, or the freedom or confidence to do

something

hopeful= promising, positive #hopeless

moralistic= with very strong beliefs about what is

right and wrong, especially when this makes you

judge other people’s behaviour

admirable= having many good qualities that you

respect and admire

selfish= caring only about yourself and not about

other people - used to show disapproval

come to do sth= to begin to have a feeling or

opinion

expect= anticipate, look forward to, demand

reward= to officially give someone something such

as a prize or money to reward them for something

they have done

predict= forecast, foresee, envisage, expect

attitude= mindset, viewpoint, thought

essential= key, main, critical

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PHỤ LỤC

IELTS READING ANSWER SHEET |

Phiên bản chỉnh sửa

Phù hợp việc tự luyện IELTS Reading tại nhà

Để làm tốt bài thi IELTS Reading, một điều quan trọng là có chiến lược làm bài nhanh và

hiệu quả. Trong đó, kỹ năng sử dụng answer sheet đóng vai trò rất quan trọng. Một số

bạn thậm chí không sử dụng answer sheet trong lúc luyện tập. Điều này là không nên vì

rất nhiều trường hợp transfer câu trả lời từ sách sang answer sheet sẽ bị nhầm. Ngoài ra,

khác với listening có 10 phút để transfer câu trả lời từ booklet sang answer sheet, trong

bài thi reading, các bạn nên điền câu trả lời trực tiếp vào answer sheet lúc làm bài để tiết

kiệm tối đa thời gian.

Dưới đây là link answer sheet dùng cho bài thi Reading sử dụng trong các kỳ thi IELTS

chính thức

https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B2TIoHBJlsvnXzRhR29MN25FSFFiWDVGcDc4SVhrYmc3cU4

w

Tuy nhiên, để phục vụ việc ghi chép các lỗi thường gặp trong quá trình làm bài và tạo điều

kiện cho việc “rút kinh nghiệm” trong các lần làm bài kế tiếp, mình khuyên các bạn sử

dụng answer sheet sau

Link download

https://drive.google.com/open?id=1C_bY208s2_zK8FKzJzqCvPpSoCx4TLd8

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Ưu điểm của answer sheet này



Các phần thông tin chỉ dùng cho kỳ thi thật đã được cắt bỏ, thay vào đó là cột

thông tin problem và solution để các bạn có thể ghi chú các thông tin cần thiết sau

mỗi lần làm bài



Bảng điểm tham khảo để các bạn tiện đối chiếu sau khi làm bài xong

Hướng dẫn cách ghi answer sheet mới

Sau đó ghim các tờ answer sheet của bạn lại thành 1 quyển và đọc đi đọc lại thường

xuyên, và đặc biệt là đọc thật kỹ trước khi làm một test mới

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Ảnh chụp answer sheet của học sinh mình áp dụng theo cách phía trên. Nhờ việc rút kinh

nghiệm từ những lỗi sai và áp dụng các giải pháp do bạn ấy tự đưa ra thì từ lúc bắt đầu học

làm được khoảng 18-20/40 câu đúng (tương đương 5.5), bạn ấy đã tiến bộ rất nhiều và trong

2 lần thi thật thì đạt lần lượt 6.5 và 7.0 Reading)

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RẤT CÁM ƠN CÁC BẠN ĐÃ SỬ DỤNG CUỐN SÁCH. MÌNH RẤT

MONG NHẬN ĐƯỢC THÊM NHỮNG Ý KIẾN ĐÓNG GÓP CŨNG NHƯ

NHỮNG CHIA SẺ VỀ VIỆC BẠN ĐÃ DÙNG SÁCH HIỆU QUẢ TRONG VIỆC

LÀM BÀI IELTS READING RA SAO. TEAM SOẠN SÁCH SẼ CẢM THẤY

CÓ THÊM ĐỘNG LỰC LỚN NẾU BẠN SHARE NHỮNG ĐÁNH GIÁ VỀ

CUỐN SÁCH TRÊN CÁC GROUP CŨNG NHƯ FACEBOOK CÁ NHÂN.

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https://www.facebook.com/groups/IELTSfamily/permalink/1789370387775377

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https://www.facebook.com/groups/IELTSfamily/permalink/1791366800909069

https://www.facebook.com/dinhthangielts/posts/2037751856500217

https://www.facebook.com/groups/IELTSfamily/permalink/1495634343815651/

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Phía trên là một vài trong số rất nhiều review tích cực mà team đã

nhận được và thực sự đã giúp bọn mình rất nhiều trong thời gian

qua. Hy vọng team sẽ đón nhận thêm nhiều review như vậy nữa.

Trân trọng,

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Bạn có thể tìm bộ tài liệu Boost your vocabulary từ cuốn 8 đến 15 tại

Facebook Group IELTS Việt

Facebook Group IELTS family – Các nhóm tự học IELTS

Hoặc

facebook.com/dinhthangielts

ielts-dinhthang.com

Ngoài ra, các bạn có thể tham gia group Hội chia sẻ sách Boost your

vocabulary để cùng chia sẻ cách học theo sách này hiệu quả và đọc

các bài liên quan đến sách.

Một số dự án liên quan:

1. 60s vocabulary: Học từ vựng bằng cách pha trộn giữa tiếng Anh và tiếng Việt trong các

bài Reading của quyển Boost your Vocabulary.

2. Word root: Học từ vựng thông qua gốc từ, bằng cách này các bạn có thể học 1 gốc từ

nhưng có thể biết và hiểu > 10 từ vựng khác.

3. Học từ vựng qua báo chí: Ôn luyện và hệ thống lại từ vựng đã và đang học trong các

quyển Boost Your Vocabualry.

Link group: https://www.facebook.com/groups/boostyourvocabulary

Từ 2017 đến nay, bộ sách vẫn đang được cung cấp MIỄN PHÍ. Bạn

nào sử dụng sách và thấy có kết quả tốt thì rất mong các bạn hãy

chia sẻ với team làm sách và mọi người cùng biết. Xin đừng im lặng.

Chân thành cám ơn các bạn!

Đinh Thắng

[email protected]

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