El

r

-

IELTS

including

a

lot

of

low-frequency

words,

used

in

Academic English

context

CEFR

Level

C2

Proficiency

Advanced

Score:

7.0

-

8.0

-

9.0

wr

UNIT

1

The

Business

World

Page

4-7

UNIT

2

The

World

of

Politics

Page

8-1

1

UNIT

3

Employment

Page

12-15

UNIT

4

Crime

and

Punishment

Page 16-19

UNIT

5

Different

Kinds

of

People

Page

20-23

UNIT

6

Poverty

and

Social

lssues

Page

24-27

UNIT

7

Food,

Travel

and

Holidays

Page

28-31

UNIT

8

lssues Facing

Young

People

Page

32-35

UNIT

9

Medical

and Health

lssues

Page

36-39

UNIT

1O

The

Entertainment lndustry

and

the

Mass

Media

Page 4O-47

UNIT

11

Environmental

lssues

and

the

Natural

World

Page

48-55

UNIT

12

General,

low-frequency,

Advanced

Vocabulary

Page

56-63

2.

3.

(A)

Use

the

verbs

from

the box below

to

fill

in

the

gops

in sentences

I

-

20.

Use

eoch

verb once only.

You

moy

need

to

chonge

the

tense

or

form.

facilitate

face

operate

float

rSsue

put

put

strip

overrun

convene

engage

merge

direct

embark

wind

form

aud

it

budget

recapita

lise

cut

write

break

run

l.

All

staff

have

been

warned that

they

the

axe should

productivity not improve,

and

that

no

one,

no

matter

how

senior,

is

exempt

from

having

to

up

their

performance.

Rumours abound

that

Maxwell

Mining

is

about

to

on

the stock

exchange.

There

is

talk of the

two

struggling

companies

,

and

it

is

believed

that they

would

benefit

significantly

from

synergy

were

this

to

happen.

The company

is

willing

to

_

on

a

hostile

takeover bid

if

necessary

as

it

has

well

and

truly

set

its

sights on acquiring

a

majority

share in

lndie

Motors, which

is by

far

and away

its

biggest rival

in

the

industry.

Management

has

promised

to

an easy

transition

to

the new ownership

structure.

The

company

an

unexpected

profit

warning on

Monday sparking

a

two-thirds

drop

in its share

price

as

investors

in

panic-selling.

The

owners

have

made

the

decision

to

the

business

up

as

it

can

no longer

as a

gorng

concern.

The

owners

a

very tight

ship

and

are

highly-regarded

for

what they

have

achieved

with

very limited

resources

in

a

very short

space

of time, owing almost

completely

to

their

efficiency and

excellent

organisation

of the

business.

The

two

former

rivals

have

loggerheads

for

so

long.

The board

has

an

unlikely strategic

alliance

leaving

everyone

perplexed

as

to why they

were

at

forward

a

motion of

no

confidence

in

the Chief

Executive and

his days

at

the

head

of the

company

now

appear

numbered.

The company's

assets

have been

down

to the

bare

minimum

with

all

non-core

business

units

having been sold

off.

Thecompany'sbookswere-byDeforbesAccountantsforallthreeyearsduringwhichtheywerebeingfiddled

by

the Chief

Financial

Officer

and

questions are

now

being

asked

as

to whether

Deforbes was

negligent in carrTing

out

its duties.

The additional expenditure

arising

from

the

snap

decision made

by

the board

to

acquire

Boovampe

Limited

had, naturally,

not

been

for.

7.

8.

4.

5.

6.

9.

t0.

il.

12.

t3.

14.

t5.

16.

17.

t8.

t9.

The interim

management

team

is

looking

for

ways

to

the

firm

and investors

are

being sought.

ln

an

effort

to

_

wage-related

costs,

the

company

has

ceased

to

allow

staff

to

work

overtime

on weekends.

Staff have been

on

notice that

their

jobs

are

at risk

should

the company

remain

in

financial

difficulty

much

longer.

Financialmismanagementhasresultedinspending

The

value

of the

company

has

been

down

after

it

was

found that

it

had

not

been

depreciating

its

assets

according

to

the

guidelines

of

the

FCA.

lnvestors

reacted

favourably

to

the

news

that the

company

had

succeeded

in

restructuring

and

cost-cutting

measures

were

introduced.

even

for

the

first

time

since

the

20.

A

meeting of

the

Board

of Directors

has

been

to

discuss

the

implications

of the offer

tabled by

Manton lnvestments.

It

is

largely assumed

that they

will

shareholders

to

accept

same.

The

BusinGss

Wonld

(B)

Motch a

-

k

from

Column A

with

their

strongest

collocates

in

Column

B.

(a)

credit

(b)

credit

(c)

double-dip

(d)

cottage

(e)

corporate

(f)

cash

(g)

junk

(h)

false

(i)

factory

O

cut-throat

(k)

exit

(i)

industry

(ii)

recession

(iii)

check

(iv)

crunch

(v)

floor

(vi)

bottom

(vii)

ladder

(viii)

flow

(ix)

bond

(x)

business

(xi)

strategy

(C)

Now

use

your

onswers

from

(B)

obove

to

complete

the

sentences

below.

l.

This

is

a(n)

so

don't

act like

you

are surprised

that

I

double-crossed

you.

I

believe

you

would

have

done

exactly

the

same

thing

to

me

given

the opportuniry.

2.

lnvestors

have paid

a

heavy

price

for

not

recognising

last

week's share-price

low

as

a

;

although

the

stock

briefly

rallied

earlier

this

week,

it

has

plummeted

to

new lows

as

the

week

fras

progressed.

3.

The

company

went

into

the market

blindly

without

having

thoroughly

thought

through the

connotations

for

their

core

business,

nor

did

they

bother

to

develop

a(n)

in

case

things

should

go

wrong.

4.

lt

has

had

its

rating lowered

again

and

is

now only

one

level

above

being regarded

as

a(n)

believe

now

that

iust

three

months

ago

it

had

an

AA

rating.

-

it's

hard

to

6.

7.

5.

The

company

was

quick

to

reassure

shareholders

that

its

liquidity

issue

-

and

will

be none

for

the

forseeable

future.

is

in

a

very

healthy

state and

that

there

is

no

They

ran

a

on

her

and

rejected

the

loan

application

based

on

its

poor

results.

Word

on

the

is

that

staff on

the

production

line

are

preparing

to

go

on strike

to

protest

against

what

they

perceive

to

be unfair

conditions

of employment.

8.

The

much-feared

has

become

a

reality after

it

was

confirmed

that the country

has

been

in

negative

growth

now

for

three

consecutive

months.

9.

You

will

never

reach

the

top

of

the

unless

you

change

your

attitude

towards your

superiors;

it

is

not

only

about how good you

are at

your

iob,

but

also

how

well

liked

you

might

be.

10.

The

is having

an

effect

on

the number

of

houses

being

bought.

Figures

forJanuary

were

at

an

all-time

low

and

there

was

a

notable

lack

of interest

in

the

housing

market

from

prospective

first-iime

buyers.

She

has

grown

her

business

from

being

a(n)

world

with

remarkable

speed.

to

become

an

international

power

house

in

the

catering

I

l.

(D)

Use

i

-

v

below

to

fill

the

gops

in

the text.

You

will

need

to

chonge

the

word-forms

so

thot

they

ore

correct

to

filt

the

gaps.

(i)

consort

(ii)

conglomeration

(iii)

delegate

(iv)

solicit

(v)

ascertain

It

is

a

huge

l.

with

activities

in

diverse

industries

ranging

from

extraction

and mining

to

call

centre

support

services,

but

that

hasn't

stopped

a(n) 2.

of ambitious

investors

from

launching

a

takeover

bid.

Unperturbed

by

a

valuation

of

$

l8

billion, Matriarch

lnvestors,

as

the

group

call themselves,

have

sent

a(n) 3.

of high-powered

lawyers

to

meet

with the

present

owners

to

discuss

possible

terms

of

sale,

although

before

discussions

can begin it

will first

have

to

be

4.

owners

are even

willing

to

tolerate

such

talk

as

this

takeover

offer

is

entirely

5.

whether or

not

the

(E)

Tronsform

the

word

in

brackets

so

that

it

fits

correctly

in

the

gap.

I

.

The

level

of

market

(penetrate)

has

not

been

as

high

as

desired.

That

said,

we

are

confident of

making steady

inroads

and

growing

our

market

share significantly

over the next

two

quarters.

2.The-(orient)oftheproductaPPearstobetowardswomenintheirmid-tolate-forties.

3.

There

were

_

(mitigate)

factors at

play and

I

do

not

think the

product's

failure

was

down

to

it

simply

having

been

poorly

conceived.

4.

The

bank

has

been accused

of

"

(pr"y)

lending

and

its loan

book

is

to

be

closely

examined

by

the

financial

ombudsman,

government

sources

have

clainied.

5.

This

business

is

a

_

(merit)

;

we are

led by and

reward

our

best

and most

talented

staff members;

who

you know

counts

for

very tittte

frere.

6,

(protect)

and

the

notion

of

free

trade

are

two

(idea)

opposed

economic

philosophies.

7.

He was

awarded

(punish)

damages

over

and above

the amount of compensation

he

was due

for

loss

of

profits

as

the

iudge

felt

th-e

defendant

needed

to

be

iaught

a lesson.

8.

Our

boss

is

a

(nepotic)

of the

highest

order;

he

just

hired

his

niece

for

the

newly-vacant

position

of

Financial

officerdespite-thefactthat.shehasonlyrecen1lygraduatedandhasnorelevantworkexperience.

9.

This

sets

a

_

(precede)

of sorts

by sending

out the

message

that the mere

act

of

calling

a

lightning

strike

is

sufficient

to

get

you

exactly

what

you

want

from

the owners.

I

have never

seen a

more

immediate

(capitulate)

by

those

in

authority,

have

you?

10.

The

decision

was

made

(lateral)

;

he

did not consult

his

partners

prior

to

the

announcement.

I

L The

(viable)

of the

proposal

must

now

be called

into

question

on

the

basis

that

the

estimated

cost

of the

build

alone

is

now three

times

greater

than

the

original

figure

quoted.

I

2.

The

business

is

(solve)

as

it

can

no longer meet the

repayments

on

its

debt.

I

3.

The

company was

put into

_

(receive)

by

the

court

after it

was

declared bankrupt

on

Monday,

14.

The army

issued

a

_

(require)

order

for

50

new

tank

units.

I

5.

There

is

a

strong likelihood that

your

home

will

be

(possess)

if

you

continue

to

miss

your

repayments.

(F)

Which

of

the

words

used

to

fill

the

gops

in

(E)

obove

meon

the

following:

(i)

the

act

of surrendering

(ii)

the

capacity

to

be sustainable/successful

(iii)

relating

to

one

side

only

(G)

Choose

o word

from

the box

to

ftll

eoch

gap.

Use

eoch

word

once

only.

10.

The

mark-up

yield

tranche

boycott

remuneration

loophole

purveyor

mandate

mogul

margin

nominal

inventory

indemnify

l.

The

package

was

not

lucrative enough

to

lure him

away

from

the

company.

2.

He

is

a

business

who

holds much sway in

the

political

sphere,

too,

and

is

viewed

as

one of

the

best

ambassadors

the

countryh-as

on

account of the

high

reptite

in

wliich

he

is

held abroad.

3.

They

exploited

a(n)

to

avoid

having

to

pay

tax

on

the

profits from

the

transaction.

4.

The

insurance

company agreed

to

the

business against losses

arising

from

civil

disorder.

5.

He

has

been

given

a(n)

by

the

shareholders

to

proceed

with

the

expansion

of the company - how

else

could

their

o;erwhel#ingEndo$r-rsEment-dffim'in

the

vote

at

the AGM

be

interpreted?

6.

The

profit

is

not

high

enough

to

make

this

a

viable

business.

7.

lncluded

in

the

was

a

one-of-a-kind

platinum

necklace

which

has

been described

as

irreplaceable.

8.

The company

is

a(n)

9.

The

of

jam

to

the

royal

family.

of

goods

from

Zimbabwe

ended

when

the

corrupt

regime was

removed

from

power.

interest rate

may have risen

but the

real

interest rate

remains

the

same.

I

l.

There

is

a

considerable

on

the

price

of

bread considering

that it

costs

wholesalers

in

the

region

ol

t0.20

per

loaf

yet

they

chargeZ0306fr ave@e to

consumers.

I

2.

A

large

of

money was

transferred

to

an

account

in

the

Cayman lslands,

raising

suspicions

that the

comflanyE

olfiEET

mod-us

operandi

is

but

a

front

to

mask

a

money

laundering racket.

I

3.

The

E

of

theTuro

currerrcy.

on

German

government

bonds

is

lower

now than

it

has

been at any

other

stage since

the

introduction

The

Busin€ss

World

(H)

Choose

o word

from

the

box

to

fit

in

eoch

gop

below.

You

should

use

eoch

word once

only.

intangible

gagging

nest

learning

labour

insider

golden

passing

sleeping

inheritance

hyper

pyramid

majority

hush

stamp

l.ltisasteeP-curve,butyouareexpectedtoclimbitwithoutSomeonehavingtoholdyourhandalltheway;you

must

be

quick

to

catch on

to

succeed

in

this

company.

2.Thejobwasquite-intensive,whichiswhatbroughtthecostupfromtheoriginalestimate.

3.

He

was

paid

some

money

in

return

for

his

public

silence on

the

issue

of

who

the child's mother

was.

4.

He invested

in

the company:$

a

partner,

leaving

the

running

of

the

business

entirely

in

the

hands

of

the other

owners.

5.

lt

was exposed

as

a

scheme

and

he

was

arrested

on

the

charge

of misappropriating

some

f6

million

in

total.

6.

The

trade

in

this

area

is

quite

strong,

which

is

lust

as

well

because

there

is

not

enough

local

business

to

sustain

a

serviEEJtati6n

round

here.

7.Hehadbuiltupaconsiderable-eggforhimselfbythetimeofhisretirement.

8.

The

couple

were

exempt

from

paying

duty

on

their

house

purchase

as

the

home's

value

did not

exceed

the

threshold of f250,000.

Hestronglyrefutesthechargeof-tradingandclaimsthatheisavictimofhisownsuccesS.

order

to

prevent

the witness

releasing

a

statement

to the

press.

interest

in

the

company

when

his

brother

died

as

the

laffer's

shares

passed

to

him.

handshake

to

ensure

that

he

would

leave

his

post

without

incident.

Naturally,

you

will

be liable

for

tax

if

you

stand

to

gain

to

the tune of

f

I

million

or

more from

the

proceeds

of

your

father's

will.

14.

The

phenomenon

of

inflation

is

seldom

an issue

outside

of

wartime,

during

which

it

is

nearly impossible

to

avoid.

15.

Goodwill

is

one of the most

significant

assets

found

on

this company's

balance

sheet.

(l)

Motch

the

following

wordslphroses

in

Column A

with

the

wordslphroses

of

similor meoning

in Column

B.

(a)

tycoon

(b)

windfall

(c)

sabbatical

(d)

donor

(e)

outlay

(f)

bankrupt

(g)

speculator

(h)

blue-collar

(i)

sole

trader

fi)

annuity

(k)

unemployment

benefit

9.

t0.

I

l.

t2.

t3.

The

judge

issued

a

He

secured

a

He was

given

a

(i)

bonanza

(ii)

dole

(iii)

self-employed

(iv)

pension

(v)

insolvent

(vi)

expenditure

(vii)

working

class

(viii)

magnate

(ix)

benefactor

(x)

market

player

(xi)

leave

of

absence

Now complete the

sentences

below

using wordslphroses

from

Column

B.You

will

not

need

to

use

oll

the

wordslphroses.

l.

He

has

been

drawing

the

by

the

day.

2.

The

Russian

oil

for

well

over

a

year now

so

his

employment

prospects

must surely be

diminishing

has

bought

a

majority

share

in

another

of

the

Premiership's

top

football

clubs.

3.

has

exceeded income

for

the

third

successive

quarter

-

soon

we

will

have

serious

cash-flow

issues.

4.

She

has

taken

a

in

order

to

spend some

time

caring

for

her

terminally

ill

partner.

5.Thisquarterhasbeena(n)-onefornew-carsales,whichhaverisenby25o/o.

6.

lf

the company

is

rrs

you

speculate

then

it

is

only

a

matter of

time

before

it

will

miss

one of its

repayments.

(A)

Match

the verbs

in

Column A with

the

appropriate

phrose-endings

in

Column

B.

(a)

represent

(b)

fix

(c)

jump

(d)

resign

(e)

form

(f)

canvass

(g)

capture

(h)

receive

(i)

concede

fi)

renege

(k)

amend

(l)

convene

(m)

launch

(n)

send

(o)

vote

(p)

heckle

(i)

the election result

(ii)

from

cabinet

(iii)

on

your

campaign

pledges

(iv)

defeat

in

the election

(v)

an

ovation

(vi)

the constitution

(vii)

the

public

mood

(viii)

the voters

(ix)

on

the

bandwagon

(x)

a

coalition

government

(xi)

your

constituents

(xii)

along

party

lines

(xiii)

a

delegation

to

represent

you

(xiv)

a

party

manifesto

(xv)

the

speaker

(xvi)

a

security council

meeting

(B)

Use

from

the

verbs

in

Column A

obove

to

fill

in

the

gaps

in

the

sentences

below

Use eoch verb

once

only.

You

may

need

to

change

the

tense

of

the

verb.

I

.

The Prime

Minister

that

it

will

be

very difficult

for

him

to

win the next

election

considering

that

his

party's

satisfaction

rating

in

tl're

polls

is

at

an

all-time low.

'

2.

He

on

a

promise

to

his

constituents

to

campaign

for

the

closing

down

of the

nuclear plant

in

Sellafield.

3.

The

candidate

who

the

hearts and minds

of the voters

with

his passion

for

office

and

his integrity

will

win

this

election.

4.

The

leader

of the opposition

was

Commons

yesterday.

by

members

of

his

own

party

when

making

a

speech

in

the

House

of

They-downtheproposedamendmenttothebill,whichwasthenpassedinitsoriginalform.

She

an

emergency

cabinet meeting in

light

of the

revelations

that

had

emerged

in

the

press.

Theformerministersurprisedherex-partycolleaguesby-shipandrunningforelectionasamemberofthe

Labour

Party

this

time

around.

Thetest-firingoftherocketwasinterpretedasalessthansubtlemessage-inthedirectionofneighbouring

countries

to

back

off

or

face full-scale

conflict.

Mary

Malden

the

constituency

of

Bath

for

twenty-five

consecutive

years.

Theywereunableto-anysortofgovernmentonaccountoftheelectionresultinginahungparliament.

They

broke

away

from

the

Conservatives

and

a

new

political

party

called

the

Neo-Conservative

Party.

a

law,

the bill

proposing

to

do

so

must

be

passed

by

both

houses

of

parliament.

fewer

first-preference

votes

than

his

opponent but

still

managed

to

win

the

seat on transfers.

I've

been

out

for

the

party

door-to-door

every

evening

so

far this

week

and

I'm

exhausted.

The

embattled

Prime Minister

faced accusations

that the

result

of

the no-confidence

vote

had

been

(C) F//

the gop

in

eoch sentence

with

on

oppropriate verb.

You

ore

not

given

any c/ues

to

help you.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

t0.

il.

t2.

r3.

14.

t5.

l.

He

2.

She

To

He

his

seat in

parliament

for

a

second

term

of

offlce.

her

seat

by

the narrowest

of

margins

and

bowed out

of

politics

for

good.

3.

The

electorate

came

out

in

huge numbers

to

their vote.

4.

E

He was

from

the party

for

not toeing the official

party

line.

The

World

of

Politics

adopt

pledge

call

reject

shift

turn

defeat

hold

hold

run

nominate

veto

extend

spin

withdraw

suffer

question

polarise

ratify

pursue

(D)

Choose

o

verb

from

the

box

to

ftt

in

eoch

gop.

Use

eoch

verb

once

only. You

may

need

to

change

the

tenselform

from

the

presidential

race

for

personal

reasons and

appealed

for

privacy.

The

treaty

was

formally

this

afternoon

and

will

pass

into

law once

signed

by

the

President

later

tonight.

They-acandidatefortheVacantleadershippositionandhewaselectedunopposed.

Since

forming

a

government

three

months

ago,

the

party

has

been accused

of

an

extremely

liberal

agenda.

She

has

confirmed that

she

will

for

political

office

again

in

the September

by-election.

Max

Dalton

has

confirmed

that

he

fully

intends

to

be

the

leader

of

the

party

next

March

when the election

is

due

to

be

The

motion

a

comprehensive

defeat

in

the

lower

house.

He

t.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

t0.

I

t.

12.

t3.

14.

t5.

t6.

17.

r8.

(a)

landslide

(b)

front

(c)

exit

(d)

political

(e)

dark

(f)

hung

(g)

diplomatic

(h)

cabinet

(F)

Use

the

onswers

to

(E)

obove

to

ftll

the

gops

in the

sentences

below.

The

Prime

Minister

refused

to

be

drawn

on

whether

the recent

press

leak

would

make him

of

the members

of

cabinet.

No

matter

what

way

the Prime

Minister's

press

office

choses

to try

to

be

a

damage-limitation

exercise

at

best.

the

loyalty

of

some

this,

it

looks

very

bad indeed.

This

will

(i)

runner

(ii)

donation

(iii)

reshuffle

(iv)

horse

(v)

poll

(vi)

parliament

(vii)

immunity

(viii)

You

will

not

need

to

use

oll the

onswers.

in response

to

the

resignation

of

the

Finance Minister.

Thegovernment-toreformthevotingsystemifre-elected'

A

snap

election

has

been

A

referendum

will

be

for

the

25th

June.

on

the 30th

May

to

settle

the

issue

once and

for

all.

Fewer

people

out

at

the

polls

to vote

in

this election

than ever

before.

Publicopinionhas-seismicallyinthewakeofthesenewrevelationsaboutthePrimeMinister'sprivatelife,

The motion

was

narrowly

in

what

will

be

a

major

embarrassment

for

the

Prime

Minister

who

had

proposed

it

in

the

first

place.

He

his

term

of office

by

another

five

years.

The

debate

is

becoming

and

there

appears

to

be

little

in

the

way of

middle

ground

between the

two

sides.

The government

has

the

power

to

it

necessary

to

do

so.

this

proposal

at

the next

meeting

of

the

UN

Security

Council

should

it

deem

l9.TheoppositionParryhTbeenaccusedof-dirtytacticsinanefforttoboostitspopularitybylaunchingavery

personal

attack

on

the

Prime

Minister.

20.

The electorate

has

emphatically

the

outgoing

government

and

clearly

thinks

there

is

a

need

for

urgent

change.

(E)

Motch

eoch

word

in

Column A

with

its

strongest

collocote

in

Column

B.

t.

2.

3.

4.

5.

The Prime

Minister

looks

set

to

announce

a(n)

There

is

no

doubt

that the

The

latest

He

has

been

granted

in

this

presidential

race

is

James

Dott,

but Wallis

Graham

is

a

potential

puts

the

two

pafties

neck and neck

with

a(n)

and

so

will

not

face

prosecution.

The

government

wuls

returned

to

office

in

a(n)

as

expected.

the most likely outcome.

F

(G)

Use the words

from

the

box below

to

complete

the

gops

in

sentences

t

-

20.

gambit

spin

swing

lame

budget

apathy

disaffected

ovation

appetite

partisan

booth

old

boys'

whistle-stop

cata

lyst

unanimous

bu

rea

u

cratic

raucous

rhetoric

bipartisan

incumbent

gerrymandering

t.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

t0.

il.

t2.

t3.

doctors

were

hard at

work

this

morning trying

to

put

a

positive

slant on

the

latest

opinion

poll

figures.

He

is

lust

the breath of

fresh air

that

needed

to

be

inlected into this

political

system

which

has

been

for

far

too

long

dominated

by

members

of

the elite

club.

7.Heislookingmoreandmorelikethe--duckcandidateofthispresidentialelectionandcutsasorryfigureonthe

campaign

trial

-

he

will

surely

pull

out of the

race

before

long.

8.Thepolling-sareSettooPenonehourearlierthannormalat7a.m.

9.

Voter

is

the

real

talking point of

this

election;

politicians

on both

sides

of

the political divide

have

failed

to

engage-theelectorate.

His

Her

clever

opening

gave

her

the

edge

in

the

presidential

race.

HiselectionmayProVea(n)-forrealandmeaningfulchange.

The

candidates

embarked

on

a(n)

tour

ofthe

southern

states.

This

election

looks set

to

be

decided

by

a

handful

of

He claims

to

retain

the

voters.

Box

B

a.

a

small

country

ruled

by

a

corrupt

dictatorship dependent

on

a single

export

commodity

b.

ruled not

by

a

hereditary

leader

but

a

government

voted

for

by

the

people

c.

a

class

of

people

of

high social

rank

d.

a

general state

of

lawlessness

in

the

absence

of

organised

government

e.

a

political

system

founded

on

the

notion

of

the right

to own

private property,

and

committed

to

free trade

f.

a

political

system

founded

on

the notion

of

public

ownership

of

property

and resources,

and

collective

and centralised

administration

g.

a

country

in

which

people

have

no

authority

and

the

state absolute

control

h.

a

government

with

a

hereditary

head

of

state

who

holds

most

of the

power

i.

a

political movement

based

upon

the

idea

of

tight,

centralised

control

of

all

aspects

of

life

j.

a

democracy

with

a

symbolic

hereditary

head

of

state

with

little power

k.

a

system

of

rule

whereby

one

person

wields

all

the

power

l.

a

system

of

government

which

places

power

in

the

hands

of those

who

are

best

qualified

from

a

scientific and technical

PersPective

support

of

the

cabinet despite

the

fact

that the murmurings

of

discontent

are

growing

louder.

The

party's

only hope of

success

is

for

it

to

attract

The

investigation

confirmed that the boundary

changes

were

tantamount

to

This

looks set

to

be

the

most

eagerly

anticipated

in living

memory

with

speculation

rife that

a

significant

tux

cut

is

on

the

cards

for

low-income

earners.

14.

The

civil service

in

this

country

is

very

_

in

nature

and

there

is

a needless

amount

of

paperwork

necessary

to

get

even

the

simplest

of

things dohe.

15.

He

received

a

standing

after

making

his

final speech

to

the

house.

|6.Thepresidentfacesahugechallengeintranslatinghiscampaign-intoaction'

|

7.

This

is

the first

genuinely

government

to

be

formed

since

the

war; the

house stands

united

in

the

face

of the

daunting task

that

lies

ahead

in

trying

to

rebuild the

nation's

crumbling economy following

a

triple-dip

recession.

18.

A

crowd

gathered

in

support

of

the

candidate and

he

was

greeted

with

a

rousing

reception

as

he made

his

way

to

ttE

stage.

l9.-laughterbrokeoutintheaudienceastheunpopularleadermadehisspeech;theextentofthemockingand

level

of

disrespect was

frankly

disturbing.

20.

There

is

a

growing

for

change

amongst

the

electorate.

(H)

Motch

the

wordslphroses

in Box

A

to their

definitions

in

Box

B.

Box

A

l.

a

republic

2. the aristocracy

3.

a

technocracy

4.

a

dictatorship

5.

fascism

6.

a

monarchy

7.

a

constitutional monarchy

8.

a

totalitarian

state

9.

capitalism

10. socialism

I

l.

anarchy

12.

a banana

republic

The

Wonld

of

Politics

(l)

Motch

the words

in

Column

A

with

their strongest

collocotes

in

Column

B.

(a)

trade

(b)

free

(c)

fiscal

(d)

welfare

(e)

national

(f)

state

(g)

semi-state

(h)

civil

(i)

attorney

O

excise

(k)

tertiary

(l)

public-private

(i)

trade

(ii)

debt

(iii)

aid

(iv)

ombudsman

(v)

service

(vi)

company

(vii)

state

(viii)

year

(ix)

general

(x)

duty

(xi)

partnership

(xii)

sector

financial

su

(f)

Now

use

your

onswers

to

(l)

obove

to

complete

these sentences.

You

shou/d

use

eoch

phrose

once

only.

l.

The

is

a

state-appointed

individual

tasked

with

ensuring

that

banks

and

other

financial

institutions

behave

ethically and

adhere

to

legislation.

2.The_schemethathasledtothebuildingofthreenewschoolsintheLondonboroughofCroydon

must

be applauded.

This

is

a

model

other

local councils

should

look

to

copy

as

not

only does

it

result

in

improved

educational

facilities

being

made

available

to

local

students,

it

also encourages

businesses

to

give

something

back

to

the community

and

play

a

more

active

role

in

community

affairs.

3.

Last

year's

deficit

has

been

transformed into

a

significant

this year,

reflecting

the improved

performance

of

indigenous

companies in

the

export

market.

in

lreland

runs

from

the

start

of

January

until

the

end

of

December.

The

,

it

still underperforming

compared

to

agriculture,

the

fisheries

industry

and manufacturing,

all

three@

somewhat

of

a

boom.

4.

5.

The

6.

The

7.

will

cripple

this

country for

generations

unless

it

is

radically

restructured.

within

the

European

Union

ensures

that

all

companies

operate

on

a

level

playing

field

and

that

8.

9.

t0.

I

t.

12.

exporters

in

particular

are

not

handicapped

by

restrictive

customs regulations

and

prohibitive

import

tariffs.

on

cigarettes looks

set

to

rise

again in

the

upcoming

budget.

The

government

is

to

consult

the

on

whether

the

enacting

of

such a law

would

be

in

breach

of

the constitution.

Government

intervention

in

the

form

of

looks set

to

save

the

country's

national

carrier

from

being

forced

out

of

business

-

that

is

assuming

the

European

Union

approves

the

rescue

package.

The

-

is

still

largely

male-dominated

despite

a

recruitment

drive

by

the

present

government

aimed

at

amra@rs

into

th'e

employment

of

state

bbdies.

The

Electricity

Supply Board

looks

set

to

be

the

latest

to

be

privatised

as

the

government

tries

to

raise

funds

to

finance

its

ambitious programme

of

infrast*Eural

Gvelopment.

13.

Britain

risks

becoming

a

if

it

continues

to

compensate

those

out of

work

so

generously;

at

present,

there

are

few

incentives

to

encourage

the unemployed

back

into the

job

market.

(K)

Use

the

clue-word

in

brockets

to

help

you

find

the

missing

word

in

I

-

S

below.

The

The

lack

of an

l.

(extradite)

treaty

has

caused an

2.

(nation)

incident

between

the Argentinean

and British

governments,

the latter

of which

is

demanding

the return

of

a

British

national

charged in

a

London

court

with

several

counts

of

murder. Argentina

has

thus

far

refused

to

comply

with

the

request.

As

relations

between the

two

countries

continue

to

3.

(integral),

Britain

has

taken the

unusual

step

of ordering

its

4.

(consult)

staff in Buenos

Aires

home.

Meanwhile

the

key

witness

in

the

case

has

been

put

in 5.

(protect)

custody

amid fears

that

he may

be

targeted

by

gang

lords

linked

to

the

accused,

James

Bloom. Bloom,

it

appears,

intends

to

remain

on

the run

in

Argentina

and

has

no

intention

of

returning

to

the

UK

to

launch

his

defence.

fob

Matters

(a)

Motch

the words

in

Column

Awith

their

strongest

collocates

in

Column

B.

(a)

glass

(b)

shop

(c)

performance

(d)

working

(e)

career

(f)

p"v

(s)

iob

(h)

pav

(i)

employment

O

salary

(k)

Blue-collar

(l)

constructive

(m)

unemployment

(n)

social

(o)

office

(p)

maternity

(q)

hiring

(r)

benefit

(i)

in kind

(ii)

appraisal

(iii)

prospects

(iv)

specification

(v)

practice

(vi)

insurance

(vii)

slip

(viii)

conditions

(ix)

worker

(x)

politics

(xi)

benefit

(xii)

dismissal

(xiii)

freeze

(xiv)

dispute

(xv)

tribunal

(xvi)

leave

(xvii)

steward

(xviii)

ceiling

not

finding

the

right

people.

2.Look,l'venoillusionsofgrandeur;l'."-andl'mnevergoingtoclimbthecorPorateladderandbecome

some

high-flyer;

it's the factory

slog

for

me

from

now until the

day

I

retire.

(b)

Now

use

the

collocotionsfrom

(o)

obove

tofill

the

gops

in the

sentences

below

You

should

use

each

collocotion

once only,

ond

you

will not

need

to

chonge the

form.

l.

I

would

question

their

on

the

basis

of

the

fact

that the

rate

of

turnover

of

staff

is

so

high; clearly

they

are

My

company

car

is

a(n)

;

I

would

sorely

miss it

were

I

to

move

to

another

iob

that did not offer

the

same

perk.

I have

been

claiming

since

I

lost

my

iob

in

April

of

last

year.

I

took

them

to

a(n)

sum

of

f4,500.

and

the

panel

of

experts

sided

with

me and

awarded

me comPensation

in

the

You

might

have a case

for

there

if

you

feel

you

were

forced out

for

airing

a

genuine grievance.

I

paid

for over

40

years

so

I

have no

guilt

about

claiming benefits

now

that

I

am

out

of

work.

Thereisa(n)-inthisindustryandthetruthisthatwomenarenotallowedtoPro8ressbeyondacertainPoint

in

the

hierarchy.

My-aren'tgreat,butthenbeingexposedtohazardouschemicalsissimplyparforthecourseinmylineof

work,

lsuppose.

My

quarterly

went

very

well;

my

ratings

were

good

and

I

was

praised

for

my

efforts

by

my

line

manager.

The

is

going

to

accompany

me

to

the

meeting

with the

HR

Manager and

make my

case

in

relation

to

the

dispute

oveFiFE?iscipliniry

measures

the

company

is

trying

to

take

against

me.

A-isinplacesothelikelihoodofmegettinganotherraiseisnil;besides,mycurrentsalar7isrightatthetopend

of

the

pay

scale.

The

ongoing

looks

likely

to

harm

the

company

from

a

PR

perspective

and

could

also

yet result

in

strike

action

being

taken

by

the

employees

affected.

I

consider

my

rather

good

on

account

of

my

good

education

and

track

record.

is a

fact

of

life

in

most

companies,

I'm

afraid.

The

best

person

for the

job

is

not

always

the

one

who

gets it;

often

it

is

rnore

a

question

of

who

is

on better terms

with

the

boss.

I'm

going

on

in

six

weeks'

time; the

baby

is

due at

the

end

of

January.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

r0.

lt.

12.

t3.

14.

t5.

t6.

t7.

t8.

My-isnotlookingsohealthyatthemoment;lhavenotbeendoingasmuchovertimeoflatesomy

take-home

pay

is

down

considerably.

The

_

has

all

the

details

you

need

to

know

about

the

nature of

the

role.

Please

read this carefully

before

subrnitti-ng

your

application,

and

do

so

only

if

you

truly

consider

yourself

a

strong

candidate

for the

iob.

Cmplogment

Verb

Collocations

Use

the

verbs

from

the box below

to

complete

the

sentences

.

All

verbs

should

be used

ot

/eost

once

and

some

will

be

needed

more

thon

once.

The

form

of

the

verb

should

be

chonged

where

necessary.

table

pursue

dismiss

overlook

breach

lay

return

put

let

reject

reach

air

terminate

take

cut

drive

enter

go

climb

apply

make

hand

serve

plv

tender

relieve

give

miss

draw

ca

ll

claim

hold

t.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

r0.

il.

12.

t3.

t4.

t5.

t6.

17.

t8.

t9.

20.

71.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

Street

vendors

their

trade

on

street corners

across

the

country.

Please,

if

you

have

a

grievance,

by all

means

it;

we

don't

want there

to

be any bad

feeling.

He

has

in

his

notice;

how

are

we

going

to

be

able

to

replace

him?

Either-yourresignationorlwillfireyou;it'sassimpleasthat.

I

can't seem

to

_

down

a

job

much

longer than

a

couple of

months.

I'm

a

career

break

to

do

some

travelling

while

I'm

still young

and

fit

enough

to

make

the most

of

it.

We're

your

contract of employment

immediately

on

account

of

your

abusive behaviour.

You

are

in

ofyourcontract;consideryourself-ofyourdutiesasofnow.

Why

don't

you

a leave

of

absence

to sort

out

your

personal problems

and

come

back

to

us

when

you

are

fully better.

Wehadnochoicebutto-offtwo-thirdsoftheworkforce'

I'm

being

redundant

-

they're

giving

me

a

{250,000

pay-off.

The

company

under, leaving its

50-odd

staff

jobless.

lf

you

continue

to

behave so irresponsibly,

rest

assured

that

you

will

be

the

sack.

l-myeXPensesbackforthetrainjourneyltooktothemeetinginHoburn.

You should

for

that

position;

I

think

you

would

be

perfect

for

it!

On

account

of

having

one of

my

targets,

I

forfeited

my

bonus; such

is

life...

I

am presently

jobless

and

the

dole.

I intend

to

_

my notice period

out

in

full.

I

am

not

prepared

to

on new

responsibilities

unless I

receive

a

pay

rise.

The

staff at

all

ten of

their

centers

a

lightning

strike.

We

on strike about

6

days

ago;

so

far

management have

refused

to

negotiate.

This

industrial

dispute

is

now

drawing

to

a

close

as

both

parties

have

agreed

to

into

negotiations

on

a

compromise

agreement.

You

a

hard

bargain,

but

I

agree

that

your

role

in

this

company

is

central

to

its

success;

therefore,

I

am

prepared

to

ofEr

you

'a

considerable

fay

rise.

We

were

forced

to

industrial

action

when our

salaries

were

_by

l0o/o.

I have

to

you go,

I'm

afraid; it's

just

not

working out

for

you here

if

you

are honest

with

yourself,

is

it?

His

determination

is

commendable,

but

to

the corporate

ladder

he

will

also

require

no small measure

of

cunning.

an

offer

on

the table but it

has

been

firmly

_

.

ln light of

this,

I

have

nothing

further

to

say. See

you

in

court.

Both parties

have

agreed

to

to

the

negotiating

table

in an

effoft

to

a

compromise.

We

are

being

_

in

the courts

for

damages

as

a

result

of

an

allegation

of

unfair

dismissal.

She

was

I

on

the

trounds

that

she

was no

longer

mentally

fit to

carry

out

her role.

the motion, which

was seconded by my

superior,

Roger.

She

was

for

the

position

because

the

interviewing

panel

felt

there

were other

candidates

with

more

relevant

experieniil-

tl

r

I

Making

Ends

Meet

(A)

Se/ect the

correct

word

from

the

box below

to

fill

each

gop.

Use

each

word

once

only.

permanent

hierarchy

threshold

camaraderie

poach

suit

remuneration

fist

firm

fringe

mobile

internship

apprenticeship

practice

review

satisfaction

profession

white-collar

partner

wage

freelance

recession

exposure

autocrat

class

receivership

Aftermya-finished,lwasn'tofferedab-positionasl'dhopedlwouldbe'Mylinemanagersaid

that

this was

not

a

reflection

on

the way

I

had

performed

but

rather of the economic reality of

life in

post-

c

_

Britain.

Perhaps,

truth told,

it

was no harm

that

I

was

let

go.

I

must

say I

never

found her

brand

of

leadership

particularly

inspiring

at any

rate.

She

was a(n)

d

that

had

to

be respected.

and

ruled

with

an

iron

e

.

There

was

a

clear

f

Well,

with

little

money and

what

I

had

of it

fast

disappearing,

I

was

fairly

desperate and

necessity

forced my

hand so

I

took

the

first

job

that

came

along

-

quite

literally, and,

before

I

had

quite let it

sink in,

I

was

enrolled

in a paid

g

programme

at Lawry

and

Sons

-

not one

in

the traditional

sense

as

it

applies

to

the trades mind, but

rather

a

programme

sponsoredbytheLawSocietyasanalternativerouteofentryintotheh-bywayofgainingpractical,paid

experience

in a

law

firm

whilst

also studying

part-time.

While

outwardly,

I

would

from then

on

be

considered

a i

worker;

a

professional

in a

respected

field,

in

reality,the'-packagewasPrettymodestandlbarelykeptmyselfabovethedreadedpoVertyk-for

the first

year

or two,

such

was

the

financial strain

of

having

to

cover rent

and

utilities

as

well

as

the

bare necessities

of

day-to-day

living

in

the city

with

the

highest cost

of

living

in Europe. However,

as

my

studies

progressed,

I

made

a

steady

progression

up

through the

ranks

of

the

I

lndeed,itwasn'tlongafterlbecamefullyqualifiedthatlmadem-.AndlenjoyedmyworkasmuchasaPerson

can,

em,

'enjoy'working.

There

was

good

n

in

the team,

and

the o

_

benefits

were

considerable;l

had

a

company car

and

a

generous pension,

which

only

my

employer

was

expected

to

contribute

to,

as

well

as access

to

the

company

gym

twenty-four,

seven.

Life was

good.

However,

things

took

a

sudden

turn for

the worse when the

company

went

into

p

.

This

threw

us all and

no

one

had

expected

it.

Apparently,

one

of the

partners

had been

found

negligent in

a

high-profile

case,

paving

the way

for

a

q-(thatwouldendupcostingthecompanymillions)tobefileda8ainsthim.Howironicthatonthedaywhen

the

company made

the situation

public

and

informed

staff

that

their

jobs

would

be in serious

jeopardy,

I had

just

received

a

glowing

appraisal in my

six-monthly

performance

r

and

a

consequent

pay

rise

of

some

f5,000.

Well,

needless

to

say, I

could

kiss

that

money

goodbye.

Well,thistime,whenlfoundmyselfwithoutaiob,thingswereentirelydifferent.lwasaqualified,upwardlys-,

big-shot

lawyer

in

demand.There

would

be

a

flood of offers

coming

through the

letterbox.

lt

was

not like

I

would

have

to

settleforsomeminimumt-gig.Andsoitproved;lwasinundatedwithoffers-severalfromcompaniesthathad

tried

to

u

me

from

LawrT

on

a

number of

occasions already.

But

I

found

none

of them

particularly

enticing

and

what

was

top

of

my

agenda

now

was

job

v

ln

the end,

I

decided

that

would

not

be

found

at any

other

law

w

.

I had

come

to

the

point

where

I

needed

to

branch

out on

my

own,

so

I

duly set

up

Fitzgerald Solicitors.

At

flrst,

work

was slow,

so

I

supplemented

my income

by

doing

some

x

pieces

for

the

local newspaper on various

legal cases.

But eventually

I began

to

attract

more

andmoreclients'levenrepresentedtheMontgomerieTownResidentsCommitteeinay-actionagainStthe

local council

after

it

had

introduced

a

new

so-called

'pavement

tax'

requiring homeowners

to

pay

towards the

cost

of

maintenance

of

the

section

of

pavement

directly

outside

their

property

-

a

tax

which the

residents,

to

an

individual,

boycotted.

Winning

that

case

earned

me

a

lot

of

z

and

put

me

in

demand;

my financial

security

was

thereafter

secure.

€mplogment

(B)

Find

o word

from

Text

(o)

which:

l.

refers

to

a

(large)

group

of

people

abstaining

from

doing

or

cooperating

with

something

in

protest

2.

means

'added

to

complete

or

make something

else last

longer'

Word

Association

(a)

First

group

the

words

in

the box

under

the

occupational

headings.

l.

Author

2.

lnvestment

Banker

3.

Lawyer

4.

Scientist

5.

Police

Officer

turmoil

executor

plaintiff

broker

journal

obituary

specrmen

checkpoint

enforcement

clinical

trial

autopsy

cordon

technica

lity

dividend

critic(al)

breakthrough

homicide

subpoena(ed)

floatation

pseudonym

memoir

commodities

revenue

counsel

writ

squad

precinct

subject(s)

forensic

genre

t.

2.

3.

(b)

Nou

use

the

words

obove

to

ftll

in

the

gops

in

the

extrocts below.

Use

eoch

word

once

only.

His

favourite

i.

-

was science-fiction,

though

he

wrote

on

a

variety of

subjects and

in

a

variety of

styles

during

his

career,

even

contributing

at

one

point

to

a

prestigious

scientific

ii.

_

.

The

iii.

reception

was

positive

forallbutoneofhisbooks;hisiv.-wasnotverywell-received,withsuggestionsthatlreglossedoverhis.

problems

and

portrayed

himself

as

a

victim. He

always

wrote

under

the

v

_

"Max

Marks". When

the

newspapers

publishedhisvi.-,theylamentedthepassingofMarks,preferringnottousetheauthor,srealname.

Hebeganhiscareerasai.-butlosthisjobintheii.-thatfollowedtheinfamousmarketcrashof

.68.LJter,hewould,"t,,nidliF,t,,''entbankingasatrader"fii-i.-.Hewentontofoundhisowntradingfirm,

which

had

a

very successful

iv.

in

1982.

lt

remains

a

one

of the best-performing

publicly-quoted

investment

companies

with

one

of

the

highs-i-

yields

in

its

industry

to

this

day.

Whenai.-wasissuedagainstMaddyTuncloughforlatePaymentofbills,shehiredhimasii.forthe

defence. He

got

her

off

on

a

iii.

and

the

iv.

was

forced

to

pay

the coss.

Later-,

h()TT*"uo,

h"

b"."-"

embroiledincontroversyo.,e'thEii$d_.E}ibingofwitnffii&asY.-togiveevidenceatapublicinquiry.

He

began

his

career

as

a

i.

-

scientist

but switched to

genetics

not

long

after

graduating,

and

did

his

PHD

in

this

area.Hisii.-camewhenhediscoveredawaytoisolateandremovedefectivegenesfoundinunborninfants.

This

was achieved

by administering

a

new

form

of drug.

His

test

iii.

_

,

rather

controversially,

were

chimpanzees.

Once

the

effectiveness of

the drug

had

been

confirmed,

he

was

given

the

go-ahead

to

commence

iv.

.

How

everi

it

wasn't

long

before

disaster

struck

and

one of

his

patients

fell

ill

anJdied.

The

v.

_

f6G?-tMt

the."

h"d

been

an

unexpected

reaction

of the

human

body

to

the

drug

which

had

caused

"

."rt-rnGfi-orl

of .ells. All

testing of the

drug

was

immediately

halted

and

ultimately

the

project

had

to

be

abandoned.

He

is

part

of

an

elite unit

in

the

drugs

i.

and

is

stationed

in

the 35th

ii.

. He

started out

as an

investigatorsomefiveyearsa8o'butsuchwashisrateofsuccessinsolvingiii.-casesthathewasearmarkedas

one

to

watch.

His

promotion

to

the elite

unit

was

swift

and came

one month after

his

most

high-profile

case,

which

was

also

possiblythecasemost.closelyfollowedbymembersofthepublicinlaw-iv.-histor7.Thiswastheinfamous

assassinationofSenatorKarnegie.Thev.-aroundthesenator'shouseextendedtoaradiusof5kminthe

immediate

aftermath

of

his

shooting.

Senator Karnegie

would

go

on

to

lose

his

life,

but lnspector

Doggins solved

the

case

after

a

relentless

pursuit

of the

chief

suspect

yielded

an

eventual admission

of

guilt.

5.

Types

of

Crime

Motch

the

crime

to

the

correct

definition

os

in the

exomple

(a)

abduction

(b)

affray

(c)

assault

(d)

battery

(e)

blackmail

(f)

burglary

(g)

domestic

violence

(h)

embezzlement

(i)

extortion

0)

forgery

(k)

fraud

(l)

gerrymandering

(m)

harassment

(n)

hijacking

(o)

homicide

(p)

hooliganism

(q)

manslaughter

(r)

money laundering

(s)

mugging

(t)

perjury

(u)

petty

crime

(v)

racketeering

(w)

smuggling

(x)

stalking

0)

vandalism

l

l

l

l

(i)

the striking

of

a

person

with

intent

to

do

them

harm

(iD

a

threat

or

attemPt

to

strike

someone,

whether

or

not

successful

(iii)

deliberate

destruction

or

damage

of

property

(iv)

fighting

in a

public

place

(v)

breaking

into

a

house

with

intent

to

steal

from

it

(vi)

acts

of

abuse against

a

person living

in

your

household

(vii)

following

someone

around

persistently

when

not

invited

to

(v:i:)

involvement

in

a

dishonest

scheme

to trick

people

(ix)

obtaining

money

or

something

else

by

abusing

your

Power

(x)

dividing

a

voting

area

so

as

to

give

one

Party

an

unfair

advantage

(xD

repeatedly

troubling or

tormenting

another

Person

(xii)

acts

of

general

lawlessness,

often

associated

with

football

(xiii)

the

killing

of one

person by

another

(xiv)

not very

serious

crime

(xv)

importing

or

exporting

goods

in

a

way

that

breaks

the

law

(wi)

robbing

someone

under

threat

of

violence

in a

public

place

(xvii)

lying

under

oath

in

court

(xviii)

hiding

the

source

of

money

gained

illegally

(xix)

seizing

a

vehicle

by

force

or

threat

of

force

(xx)

falsely

making

or

altering

a

piece of

writing

that

has legal

standing

(xxi)

forcing

a

person

into

a

particular action

by

use

of

threats

(xxii)

theft

of

money

or

proPerty

a

Person

has

put

in

your

care

(xxiii)

the

carrying,

taking

or

enticing

away

of

a

Person,

esp.

a

child

(xxiv)

general

acts

of deceit

or

trickery

(tr")

the

unlawful

killing of

a

person

without

forethought

or

malice

Perpetrators

of

Crime

Write

the

word

for

the

person

who

corries

out

the

crime

in

the

squore

brockets

os

in

the

exomple.

Where

not ovoiloble

iust

put

o

slosh

(l).

(a)

abduction

(b)

aflray

(c)

assault

(d)

battery

(e)

blackmail

(0

burglary

(g)

domestic violence

(h)

embezzlement

(i)

extortion

(t)

forgery

(1.)

fraud

(l)

gerrymandering

(m)

harassment

(n)

hijacking

t

(o) homicide

t

(p) hooliganism

t

(q)

manslaughter

I

(r)

money

laundering

t

(s) mugging

t

(t)

perjury

t

(u)

petty

crime

t

(v) racketeering

t

(t") smuggling

t

(x) stalking

t

(V)

vandalism

t

Cnime

and

punishment

Vocabulary

in

Action

Se/ect o word

from

the

Types

of

Crime

or

Perpetrators

of

Crime

sections

to

ftll

eoch

gap

os

in

the

exomple.

Use

eoch

word

once

only.

Not

oll

of

the words

will

be

needed.

You

may

need

to

chonge

the

formltense

of

the word

to

ftt

the

gap.

himself

by

providing

the

defendant

with

a

false

alibi.

He

(a)

(b)

The

newspapers

are

already

portraying

him

as

some

sort

of

him

has

been heard.

maniac

before

any

shred

of

evidence

against

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(c)

I

can't believe my

own

sister

_

my

trust

fund.

When

Father

died,

he

entrusted

her

with

the

management

of

my finances

untii

I

turned

lS.SFeTas

uttery

betrayed

me.

(d)

lf

my

boss

pinches

me on

the

behind

once more,

I

swear

I

will

have

him

up in

front

of

a

judge

on

sexual

charges

faster

than

you

can

sayJack

Robinson.

My

house

was

He

last

week while

I

was away on

a business

trip.

what

is

thought

to

amount

to

some

€

I

billion

euro before

his

scheme was

discovered.

Thepriceofabottleofwaterthesedaysissimply-;howcouldanyoneever|ustifpaying€2.50forsomethingyou

can

get

free

from

a

tap?

How

did

you

manage

to

move

all

those

cigarettes

across

the

border.

I

know they

are only

for

home

consumption

James,

butyou'veeffectivelybecomea-intheeyesofthelaw.

lsn't

threatening

to

post

graphic

nude

pictures

of

your

boss

on

the internet

unless he

gives

you

a

raise

basically

a

form

of

?

Jim,thisisthe8thtimeinfourdayswe'vebumpedintoeachotherinthelibrary.l'mbeginningtothinkyou're-me!

You

walk into

prison

a

with our

penal

system.

and

you

walk out

a

hardened

one -

a

lifer,

effectively;

there

is

something

very

wrong

The

charge

of murder

was

rejected

by

the

jury

but

the

defendant

was

convicted

on

the

lessor

crime

of

I

went

o.ut

to

my car

to

drive

to work

this morning

only

to

find

that

it

had

been

the

night

before.

Those

pups

of

layabout,

no-good

neighbours

of

ours

are

iesponsible;

I

just

know

it.

lt

wil-l

coii

aJ5rtune

to

rlpair.

happened

mid-flight.

Reportedly,

the

pilot

was

threatened at

knife-point.

You

made

a

_claim

for

welfare

payments

yet you

think you

shouldn't

have

to

return

the

money.

Whose

rules

do

youl@Tf

\6u

are

lucky

you

are

n6t

being toi:t<et

up in

jail.

(p)

The

identity

papers

were

so

convincing

that

he

managed

to

give

customs officials

the

slip and

escape

from

the

country.

The

two

drunks

were

charged

with

and

breach

of the

peace

after

their

street-side

dispute

turned

violent.

The

little girl

was

right

in

front

of her

mother, but

the

mall

was

so

crowded

that

no one was able

to

c)

(k)

(r)

(m)

(n)

(o)

(q)

(')

The

identify

the person

responsible.

Luckily,

she

was

returned

unharmed

less

than

ten minutes

later.

(t)

often

goes

unreported. What

is

more,

people

think that

women

and

children

are

the

only

victims

of

this

type

of

abuse,

but,

in reality,

it

is

not

unheard

of

for

men

to

be

targeted

by

their

spouses

either.

(t)Hewaschargedy7i1fia8gravated-;hisvictimrequiredtenstitchestohisfaceandhadtobetreatedforshock.

Verb

Collocations

Motch

eoch verb

with

the

appropriote

phrase-ending

(a)

charge

(b)

commit

(c)

break

out

(d)

plead

(e)

break

(f)

detain

(s)

find

(h)

arrest

(i)

remand

0)

release

(k)

quash

(l)

sentence

(m)

file

(n)

call

(o)

pass

(p)

acquit

t

I

(i)

to

life

I

(iD

on

bail

]

(iii)

on

suspicion

of

murder

I

(i")

guilty

I

(v)

an

offence

I

(vi)

innocent

I

(viD

of

prison

I

(viii)

the

law

I

(ir)

for

questioning

I

(r)

to

give

evidence

I

(xi)

with

murder

I

(xii)

sentence

I

(xiii)

the verdict

I

(xiv)

for

divorce

I

(xv)

of

all charges

I

(xui)

in

custody

Verbs

in

Action

'Jseowordfromtheboxtofill

thegapineoch

sentence.

Youmoyhovetochonge thetense

of

theverbinsome

coses.

Do

notuseony

,r'ord

more than

once.

let

off

dismiss

bail

deport

inspect

extrad

ite

interrogate

incarcerate

apprehend

subpoena

collapse

(a)

He was

to

give

evidence at

the

trial

of

his

former

business

partner,

who

was charged

with

trying

to

defraud

the

state.

(b)

The trial

when

it

became clear

that the

main witness

for

the

prosecution

was

not

credible.

(c)

The

case

was

by

the

judge

who

said

the

proceedings

were

a

waste of

time.

(d)

The

assailant

was

by

police

in a

hideout

near

where the attack

had

taken

place

(e)

Following

his

sentencing

by

the

judge,

he

was

in Loggersdale Penitentiary.

(0

He was

onabondof{18,000.

(g)

The

police

the

suspect

at

length

before

releasing

him

for

lack

of

evidence.

(h)

The

illegal

migrant

was

_

back

to

his

home

country

having

spent ten weeks

in

a

sort

of

limbo waiting

to

learn

his

fate.

(i)

She

was

from

Britain

to

America

on

a

charge

of

murder

in

the

first

degree.

(j)

He

was

with

a

caution

by

police

on

account

of the

extenuating circumstances

-

he

was

only speeding due

of

the

fact

that

his

wife

was

in hospital giving

birth

at

that very moment.

(k)

Officers

the crime

scene

found traces

of blood

on

one

of

the walls

in

the

lounge.

Cnime

and

punishment

Types

of

Punishment

Motch

the

word

or

phrose

(o

-

j)

with

its

defrnition

(i

-

x)

os

in

the example.

(a)

capital

punishment

(b)

community

service

(c)

probation

(d)

suspended

sentence

(e)

parole

(f)

mandatory

sentence

(g)

minimum

sentence

electronic

monitoring

restitution

tl

tl

(D

is

the

death penalty

(iD

is

when

a

judge

says

an

offender

must

serye

at

least

a

certain

amount

of

time

in

jail

(he

may

serve

more)

(iii)

is

a

sentence

which

will

only

have

to

be

served

if

the

criminal

re-offends

(iv)

is

a

sentence

all

of

which must

be

served

(v)

is

tagging

an

offender

to

keep

an

eye on

them

(vi)

is a

sum

of

money

paid

as

a

penalty

for

a

crime

(vii)

is

a

sentence

whereby

the

offender

is

required

to

work for

a

certain period

of

time

voluntarily

on

local

proiects

is

the

payment

of

damages

to

the

victim

of

a

crime

is

the

early

release

of

a

prisoner

on

good

behaviour

or for

compassionate

reasons

is

the

setting

free of

a

criminal

under

the

supervision

of

the court

or the

local police

t

I

(viii)

tr

(ix)

(h)

(D

tl

tl

tl

tl

I]

I]

0)

fine

She

is

The

verdict

was

He

is

(x)

Verb

Collocations

Se/ect

o word

from

the box below

to

fit

in

eoch

gop.

Use

eoch word

only

once.

You

moy

need

to

chonge

the

tense

ofthe

verb

you

use

in

some

coses.

hand

down

impose

dismiss

overturn

settle

claim

reach

threat

appeal

grant

He

was

parole

on account

of

his

good

behaviour.

The

disputing parties

She

is

an

out-of-court

settlement,

the

details

of which

were

not

made public.

damages

of

$

I

billion

for

loss

of

earnings

as

a

consequence

of the

libelous

newspaper

report.

to

sue

if

the

paper

prints

the

pictures

of her

private

holiday

in

Barbados.

They

the

case

on

the

steps

of

the

court

building,

minutes

before

proceedings

were

due

to

get

underway.

The

judge

The

judge

a

mandatory

life sentence

to

the

defendant

on

account

of

the

serious

nature

of

the crime.

a

fine

of

f500

on

the

defendant

for

failing

to

pay

his

parking

tickets.

on

appeal

to

the

High

Court.

the verdict;

the

case

will

be

reheard

in

ten

days'time.

(a)

(b)

(.)

(d)

(")

(D

(e)

(h)

(D

(i)

The

judge

his

appeal,

allowing

the

original

verdict

to

stand.

Good

Qualities

and

Character

Flaws

(a)

Motch

eoch

odjective denoting

charocter

to

its deftnition.

I

.

An

affable

person

is

2,

An aloof

person

is

3.

A belligerent

person

is

4.

A benevolent

person

is

5.

A

capricious

person

is

6.

A

cynical

person

is

7.

A dogmatic

person

is

8.

An eccentric

person

is

9.

An erudite

person

is

I

0.

A

gregarious

person

is

I

I

.

An

impetuous

person

is

I

2.

An indolent

person

is

i.

j.

k.

t.

a

slothful

or

lazy

one; someone

who

tries

to

do

as

little

as possible.

one

who

appears distant

or

disinterested;

someone

with whom

it

is

hard

to

engage

in meaningful

conversation

good-willed

and

generous

with

their

time,

resources

or

praise

of

others;

they

desire

to

help

others.

argumentative,

and

aggressive

even;

someone

looking

for

a

fight

or

argument.

likely

to

act suddenly

without

thinking;

someone

who

doesn't

consider

the

consequences

before

acting.

distrusting

of the

motives of others;

they think

the

worst

of

people

and

are suspicious

ofgood

deeds.

one

who

has a

very odd

or

peculiar

personaliry;

they

may

have

very

strange

beliefs

or

behave

in

a

very

strange

way

all

the time.

one

who

forcibly

and

stubbornly

defends

their

views;

they

believe

they

are

right

and are

not willing

to

consider

other

ideas.

one

who

is

fond

of

the

company

of others;

somebody

who

is

very

sociable.

one

who

is

very

learned and

knowledgeable;

someone

who

is

scholarly.

one

whose

behaviour

you

can

never

predict;

you never know how

they

are

going

to

react.

one

who

is

very

friendly,

warm

and

polite;

a

Person

who

is

easy

to

approach.

t

1a.

t

1b.

tt

t lc.

t1

t

Id.

tI

t

Ie.

tI

t

lf.

tI

t

Ic.

h.

(b)

Complete

the

sentences

using

the

underlined

words

from

section

(o)

above

t.

Why

do

you

have

ro

be

so

?

Look

at

the flne

mess

your

thoughtlessness

has

got

us

into;

you

should

maybe

consider

the

consequences

next

time.

ldowishyouwouldn'tbeso-;afterall,howcouldheknowaboutourvastwealthwhenwe'vejustmovedto

the

area.

Maybe

he

was

iust

offering

his

help

to

be

a

good

citizen.

He

actively

seeks

out

friendship

wherever

he

goes, such

is his

desire

for

company,

and he

can

fit

in

anywhere.

He

is

possibly

the

most

person l've ever known.

He

is

very

;

our

new

boss

Katie

walked

into the

room

and

immediately

he

told

her

that

he had

been running

'this

joint'

for

)reara

and

that

he

would

be

the one

really

in

charge.

He

is

an

extremely

professor of

Biology,

widely

respected

throughout

the

world

of

academia

for

his

vast

knowledge

of,

in

particular, marine ecosystems.

Her

enthusiasm

for

lying

in

front

of the television

seems

to

know

no bounds;

she

is

the

most

-

person

I

have

ever

met.

Forget

about

trying

to

convince

Jenny;

I have

yet

to

meet

a

more

teenager;

her

conviction

that

she

is

right

would almost

be

admirable

were

she

not

so

very

very

wrong.

I

find

him

enough;

he

is

pleasant

to

talk

to

and

always

greets

me

with

a

smile.

lthink,inthecaseofMaryitisnotfairtosaythatsheis-;hershynessoftentranslatesintoaneedforherto

keep some

distance

from

those

around

her, especially

in large

social

groups.

She

is

one

of the

most

souls

I have

ever

met

in

my

life;

she

always

speaks

so

highly

of

those

she

meets and

I

truly

believe

in doing

so

that

sl'te

instils confidence

and

a

sense

of oPtimism

in

people.

My

boss

is

the

most

woman

on

the

planet;

one

minute

she's

all

happy and

full of

praise

for

us;

the

next

she's

screaming and

shouting

ab,r.rseJ

never

know

where

I

stand

with

her

from

one

moment

to

the

next.

I

wouldn't

call myself

_

per

se,

but

I

must admit

my

lifestyle

could

hardly

be

classed

as

'normal'

-

whatever

that

means...

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

t0.

lt.

t2.

Diffenent

l(nds

of

People

(c)

Now

motch

the

opposites,

using

your

understonding

of

the

words

leornt

in

(a)

ond

contextuolised

in

(b).

There

moy

be

more

than

one correct

motch

possible

for

some

of

the words

in

Column

A.

Good

Qualities

and

Character

Flaws

2

(a)

For

eoch question,

tick

the word

or

phrose

(o

or

b)

thot

oppears

c/osest

in

meaning

to

the

words

underlined.

(a)

affable

(b)

aloof

(c)

belligerent

(d)

benevolent

(e)

capricious

(f)

cynical

(g)

dogmatic

(h)

eccentric

(i)

erudite

O

gregarious

(k)

impetuous

(l)

indolent

To

be

insolent

is

to

be

To

be irascible

is

to

be

.....

.

To

be mendacious

is

to

be

.....

.

To

be

mercurial

is

to

be

.....

.

To

be

pedantic

is

to

.....

.

To

be

pensive

is

to

be

.....

.

To

be

pernickety

is

to

be

.....

.

To

be

quixotic

is

to

be

.....

.

To

be

recalcitrant

is

to

be

.....

.

To

be

sanguine

is

to

be

.....

.

To be

scrupulous

is

to

be

.....

.

To

be

steadfast

is

to

remain

.....

.

To

be

stoic

is

to

be

.....

.

To

be

vociferous

is

to

be

..

...

.

To

be

wilful

is

to

be

....

.

To

be

wistful

is

to

be

.....

.

(i)

industrious

/

diligent

(ii)

reserved

/

introverted

/

unsociable

(iii)

submissive

/

deferential

/

cooperative

(iv)

conventional

(v)

uncultured

/

ignorant

(vi)

dependable

/

steady

(vii)

accommodating

/

agreeable

(viii)

trusting

/

optimistic

(ix)

approachable

/

friendly

(x)

standoffish

(xi)

malevolent

(5ii)

cautious

/

circumspect

t.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

t0.

lt.

t2.

r3.

44.

t5.

t6.

(a)

rude

(a)

short-tempered

(a)

dishonest

(a)

even-tempered

(a)

p"y

attention

to

detail

(a)

deep

in

thought

(a)

very

witty

(a)

a

visionary

(a)

disobedient

(a)

serious in

character

(a)

loyal

(a)

faithful

to

something

(a)

very

emotional

(a)

noisy

(a)

easy

to

please

(b)

likeable

(b)

good-humoured

(b)

motivated

(b)

lively

but

unpredictable

(b)

always

be

in

a

hurry

(b)

anxious

about

something

(b)

overly

fussy

(b)

predictable

and

boring

(b)

creative

(b)

cheerful

and

optimistic

(b)

principled

(b)

critical

of

something

(b)

impassive

(b)

shy

(b)

overly

stubborn

(a)

focused

on

the

future

(b)

longing

for

something

(b)

Tronsform

the

odjectives

from

Tosk

one

into

on

oppropriate

Noun

or

Adverb

form.

lf

you

are

steadfast

in

your

belief, you

will

defend

that

belief

.

lf

you

are

wilful

by nature,

you

come

to

be

known for

your

Someone

who

is

stoic

is

known

for their

lf you

want

to

complain

in

a

vociferous

manner,

you

might

shout

A

wistful

person

thinks

................

about

their

long-lost

love.

.....

ls

not

a

characteristic

of

someone

who

is

unscrupulous.

lf

you

do

something

in

a

sanguine

manner,

you

do

it

................

.

lf

you

communicate

with your

parents

in

a

way

that

is

insolent,

you

speak

to

them.

A

mendacious

person

has

the

unbecoming

characteristic

of

..............

He

is

mercurial,

so

his

is

what

makes

him

interesting.

He

threw

the stone

in

an

irascible

rage

because

of

his

innate

She

looked

towards

the

sky

because

she

was

in

a

very

pensive

mood.

His

.............

is

very

annoying;

he

should

really

try

not

to

be

so

pernickety.

....

is a

quality

found

in

those

who tend

to

be

recalcitrant.

He

................

predicted

greatthings

forthe

economy;

afterall, itwas

in

his

nature

to

be

sanguine.

Hg.

?PptgfEd

every

problem

,

which

meant

that

he

always

found

an unusual

way

around

it;

they

used

ro

call

him

Mr.

Quixotic.

t.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

t0.

lt.

42.

t3.

t4.

t5.

t6.

4

Types

of

People

and

their

Roles

(a) Motch

the

nouns

A

-

Kwith

their oppropriote definitions,

I

-

I

l.

A

a

connoisseur

B

a

charlatan

C

a

degenerate

D

a

maverick

E

a

pragmatist

F

a

hermit

G

an

extrovert

H

an

introvert

I

a

sycophant

I

a

visionary

K

a

zealot

l.

someone

who

is

too

passionate

or

devoted

-

a

fanatic

2.

someone

who

sees

the way

forward

before

everyone

else

3.

someone

who

is

very

knowledgeable

in a

particular

field

4.

someone

who

hides

away

from

the

rest of

the

world

5.

someone

who

is

very

practical

in

their

approach

to

things

6.

someone

who

is

rebellious and

stands

apart

from

the

rest

7.

someone

who

is

very

outgoing

and lively

8.

someone

who

is

quite

shy

and reserved

9.

a

'yes

man'

who

flatters

others

to

get

what they want

10.

someone

who

has

degraded themselves

from the

normal moral

standard

I

l.

a

person

who

claims

to

be something

they

do not

possess

the

qualities, qualiflcations

or

skills

to

be

2.

3.

4-

A

audacious

t

B

meddlesome

t

C

clingy

t

D

remorseless

t

E

vindictive

t

F brazen

t

G

quarrelsome

t

H

truculent

t

I

self-righteous

t

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

I

l.

recklessly

bold;

behaving

in

a

wild

and risky

way

2.

lacking

any

sense

of

guilt for your

wrongdoings

3.

very

argumentative

4.

cruel,

overly

harsh

or

hostile

5.

likely

to

interfere

in

other

people's

affairs

6.

unlikely

to

feel ashamed of

your

poor

behaviour

or

behave

humbly

7.

spiteful;

determined

to

get

revenge

on

people

who wrong

you

8.

thinking

a

lot

of

yourself

and

overestimating

your

own

importance

9.

too

intense

in

close

relationships; needing

to

be

around

your

loved ones

all

the

time

(b)

Use

eoch word

from

the

box no

more

thon

once

to

complete

sentences

,

-

,2.

mediator aristocrat

protagonist

luminary

villain

subordinate

proponent

mercenary

denizen

mentor

patriarch

partisan

l.

The

tried

but

failed

to

get

the

two

opposing

sides

to

reach

some

common

ground,

shattering

all remaining

hope

ttat

a

quicFand

painless

resoluiion

to

the

dispute

cbuld

be

found.

ln

terms of

helping me

overcome

my

problems

with

my

second

year

biology

course,

he

was

not

much

of

a

but

whether

he

meant it

or

not,

as

a

life coach

he

was second

to

none.

He

is

regarded

by

his

people

as

the

_

of

their

faith and

is

worshipped

in much

the

same

way

as

a

god.

Howcouldheberegardedasanythingbut"-givenhisfamily'stiestothe8roup_wemustbeinnodoubt

that

his

loyalties

will

lie

with

the

rebels

should

war

break

out.

5.

Heisa

of the

public

house

-

he

is

there

more than

he

is

in

his

own

home

I

dare

say!

6.

He

is

nothing

but

a

who

will

sell

his

services

to

whomever

will

pay

him

the most.

Morals

do

not come into

it.

7.

She

is

a

in

this

field

so

show

some respect

for

the

lady;

what

she

has

achieved

in

this

life,

others would

struggleio?6ln

ten

8.

You are

my

and

you

will

obey me.

Failure

to

do

so

will

result

in

your

dismissal.

9.

People make

him out

to

be some kind of

_

just

because he

criticised

the

Queen;

he

is

a

figure

of

hate

in

this

country.

l0.lamabig-offreeeducation;lhavebeencampaigningfortheabolitionofthird-levelfeesforthebestpart

of

20

years.

I

I

.

He

has

been

identified

as

the

;

the

police

believe

that,

if

they

catch

him,

his

followers

will

drop

their

weapons

ano

go

home.

12.

He

considers

himself

an

and thinks

that

his

'high

class'

makes

him better

than

everyone

else.

I

think

his

brother'ssister-in-law's-auntbcousin'ssecond-cousin-once-removedisrelatedtotheQueen.He'sproperroyalty|!

Ugly

Characteristics

(a) Motch

the

chorocter

troit

with

its

definition.

Different

l(nds

of

People

2.

3.

4.

5.

(b)

Se/ect

one

ofthe

chorocter

traits

from

(a)

to

fill

eoch

gop

below.

You

shou/d

use

eoch

troit

once

only.

You

moy

have

to

chonge

the

form

of

the word

for

it

to

fit

properly

in

rhe

senrence.

l.

He

always

comes

across

so

holier-than-thou;

and

where

does

he

get

off

doling

out

advice

to

people

all

the

time

as

if

he

know's

best

-

uh, he's

so

.

What

has he

actually

everlone

is

whit

I

would

like

t6

know.

His

astounds

me;

iust

days

after

being

outed

as

one

of the most

high

profile

and

prolific

drugs

cheats

of

all

time,

he

a[pears

on

a

talk

show deminding

ieniency.

I

ca"n't

believe he

had

the

nerve

i6

i6o*

up

let'alone

dismiss

the

notion

that

he

should

issue

an apology.

Mustyoualyays.b"'9.-,Jane?Atthisratewe'lldowelltosimplyagreeonasubjectforourresearchproject

before

the

due

date.

How

about

a

compromise?

He

became

known

in

the

business

for

his

when it

came

to

reviewing

local

eateries;

he

seldom

showed them

any

mercy

at

all

and

was scathing

in

his

critlZErn

Yo.ut

-

brother

has

been

sticking

his

nose

in

where

it's not

wanted

again.

Tell him

to

stay

out of the

dispute;

it's

a

private

matter.

You''|a.vet9.sto-P_toMike,Sarah.otherwise,he'llendupfeelingsuffocatedandwilljustwanttoescape;then

you'll

lose

him for

good.

The

iudge

said

that

on account

of

the

genuine

shown

by

the witness

he

was

going

to

impose

a

more

lenient

sentence.

I

can't

believe

you

had

the

to

call

your

boss

an

idiot

to

his

face,

John.

I

mean,

you

can

laugh

about

it

now,

sure,

but

you

were

lucky

this

time.Flow

eractly

will

we

cope if

next

time you

lose

your

job?

His

is

such

that

he

wrote

a

damning

review

of

her

performance

in

his

column

despite

privately

admitting

that

he

haci-seiiiorn

seen

acting

as

fine.

As

usual, his

h"urt

pride

came

["f"i"

everything

else.

---r

6.

7.

8.

9.

Story:

The

Hopeless

Romantic

Choose

the

most

suitoble

word

from

the

four

options

given,

o

-

d,

to

filt

eoch

gop

in

the

text.

At first

when

I

tried

to

(

|

)

...

a

response

from

him,

I

got

nothing.

PoorJeff

had

been

(2)

...

with

Martha

Higgins,

the

neighbours'

I

8-year-old

daughte6

for

the

best part

of five years

now,

ever

since he

had laid

eyes

on her

skipping gracefully

up

next-door's

driveway

without

a

care

in

the

world

as

the

Joneses

moved

in

to

the then-vacant

37

Downs

Road. Back

then,

as

a

thirteen-year-

old

he

had

a

fairly

(3)

...

way

of

expressing

his feelings,

one

which

I'm

sure

Martha

w:$

none

too

appreciative

of. But,

boys

will

be

boys at

that

age

...

a

kick here,

a

pinch

there,

a

hair-pull,

some name-calling

. .

. eventually,

as

Jeff

went from

little

boy

to

hormonally-charged

teenager,

he

began

to

realise

that

his

desire

to

push,

poke

and

prod

Martha

was

transforming

into

some-

thing far

more

translatable

and mature

-

he

was

in

love.

His

stubborn

denial

of this was

(4)

...

at

times;

he

couldn't

hide

his

feelings

from

his

big

brother

-

I

knew

he

was

smitten.

But

as

the

years

rolled

by,

Martha

Higgins

became

more

and

more

of

a(n)

(5)

.... She had

a

(6)

...

for

the

Arts

and it

wasn't long

untilJeff

by

happy

coincidence

also

developed

a(n)

(7)

...

appetite

for

classic novels,

poetry

painting

and

the

like.

And

the fact

that

he

seldom

if

ever

got

more

than

a

(8)

...

glance

from the

object

of

his

affection

did little

to

dampen

Jeff's

spirits.

lt

may

have

been

rather

(9)

...

of

him,

but

he had

this

soft

of

(10)

...

notion

of

fairy-tale

endings,

and he

believed

that

if

he

professed

his

undy-

ing

love

for

Martha,

she

would

fall

into

his

arms.

Well,

it

was a

painful

but

perhaps

necessaly

reminder

that we

live

in

the

real

world

Jeff

received

from

Martha

that

day;

he

was kedonked

fairly

(

I

I

)

...

over

the

head

with

a

wooden

mallet

by a(n)

(12)

.... Marcha

as

he

poured

his

heart

out

to

her

at her

front

door

-

the

poor

girl

didn't know

what

was

going

on.

Now,

at

last, he

was

just

about

becoming

responsive

again.

fu

he

opened

his

eyes

I

shook

my

head

in

that

knowing'l

told

you

so'fashion

that

so irritates people

who've

just

been made

a

fool

of.

Jeff

looked absolutely

distraught

-

like

his

whole

world

had

toppled

in

on

him.

Then,

(13)

...,

there

came a

knock

on the

door,

and

who

was

it but

Martha

Higgins

with

a(n)

(14)

...

of

flowers

and

a

get-well-soon

card. The smile

was

back

on

Jeff's

face

again

and

the

spark of

the

hopeless

romantic

was

(

I

5)

. .

.

I

could

tell,

even

as

he sat

there

with that

enormous,

stupid-

looking

lump

on

the

side

of

his head,

that

he

was

plotting

his

next move.

lf

only

Martha knew

what

she

was

in

for!

t.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

t0.

il.

t2.

t3.

14.

15.

a.

elicit

a.

infatuated

a.

cutting

edge

a.

visible

a.

enigma

a.

penchant

a. insatiable

a.

cursory

a. ingenious

a.

grave

a.

tamely

a.

terrific

a.

ordinarily

a.

fragrance

a.

rekindled

b.

illicit

c.

concerve

b.

mesmerized

c. entertained

d. evolve

d.

seduced

d. familiar

d.

insensitive

d.

twister

d.

affirmation

d.

partial

d. superficial

d.

intrepid

d.

frank

d. accidentally

d. pretentious

d.

punctiliously

d.

bouquet

d.

resuscitate

b. novel

b. farcical

b.

cliffhanger

b.

likeness

b.

picky

b.

thorough

b.

ingenuous

b.

fanciful

b.

infrequently

b.

comforted

b.

plausibly

b.

vase

b.

resurrected

c.

rare

c.

ingenious

c.

brainteaser

c.

likening

c.

contented

c.

painstaking

c. insistent

c.

fortuitous

c.

viciously

c.

petrified

c.

inexplicably

c.

wreath

c. revamped

Homelessness

(A)

Use

the verbs

from

the

box below

to

ftll

the

gops

in sentences

I

-

I

8.

Use eoch verb once only.

Chonge the

form

if

necessory.

pilfer

tea

r

weather

live

expose

live

hit

plunge

struggle

prey

obligate

ca

rry

cry

bottle

lead

exploit

cast

turn

scrounge

sponge

addict

turn

ride

ta

ke

th

rust

l.

The

loss

of both

her

parents at such

an

early

age

her

adolescent

years.

its

toll

on

her

mentally and

she became

disturbed

during

2.

Those

living on

the streets

are at

their

most

vulnerable during

the cold

winter

months

when they

are

the

elements.

3.Societyasawholeis-toprotectthemostvulnerablewithinourmidst;youngpeoplewhofindthemselves

out onto

the streets

are

in

particular

need

of our

help and care'

4.

The

temptation

to

_

a

blind

eye

to

the

plight

of the

homeless

is

ever-present,

but

we

must not

let ourselves

forget

the

most

vulnerable and

needy.

5.

Many

of

the

homeless

have

been

roughshod

over

by

the

unscrupulous

elements

within our

prepared

to

them

for their own

immoral

ends

and

ous elements

within

our

society,

people

them down

the

path

to

a

life

of crime.

now

for

il.

12.

6,

Often,

young people

who

run

away

from

home and

escape

from

an

abusive

environment

mistakenly

believe

that

they

have

t0.

7.

8.

9.

Emotional

instability

is

only

worsened when

the affected

individual attemPts

to

-

everything

up

inside;

eventually,

their

issues

will

explode

forth

and

the

consequences

may

be

very

far-reaching.

We

cannot

yet

seriously

consider

our

society

a

civilised

place

in

which

to

live

when

we

are

content

to

pass

by

the

anonymous

street-folk

on

our

daily

sojourn

to

work

and stand by

idly

ignoring

the

squalor

in

which

they

-

Those

to

make ends

meet

are

but

one

missed

mortgage

or

rent

payment away

from

being

thrown

out onto

the

stre-ets

and

into

a

life

of dire

poverty.

It

is

always

the

most vulnerable

who

are

upon, but the

predatory

tendencies

have

seldom

come

from

such

an

alarming

source

as

the

government; howeVei

tFe announcement

that the

minimum

wage

is

to

be

cut

in

the

next

budget

is

nothing

short of

an

attack on those on

the

very

margins

of

sociery.

Peoplewho-theirnosesupatthehomelessastheywalkpastthemonthestreet-woulddowellto

reconsider;

aEeFaffien

the

right combination

of

calamitous

circumstances,

it

could

very

well

be any

9ne

of

us in

their

position.

To so

scornfully

ignore

their

plight

is

to

surely only

_

them

further

into the

Pits

of

desPair.

Some

of the

young

people

who

make up

the

majority of the

homelesss on

the streets of

our city look

as

though they

the

weight of

the

world

on

their

shoulders.

The

homeless are

out

for

help,

but

no

one

is

listening

to

their

Pleas.

They

are

effectively

from

hand

to

mouth,

unable

to

think

about

tomorrow

because

they

are

constantly

having

to

worry

about

lust

making

it through

today.

A

homeless

man came up

to

me and

tried to

a

cigarette;

I

told

him

I

don't

smoke...

Many

of the

homeless

do not

qualify

for

dole

payments,

so

the

accusation

that

they

are

off

the

government

is

fallacious

at

best.

17.

When

his

wife

and

children

left him,

he

_

rock bottom

and

turned

to

drink;

he

has

been

the

best

part

of

a

decade

and

it

has

his

life apart.

18.

He was

caught

sweets

from

a

local

shop.

(B)

Motch the

phrase

in

Column

A to

its

meoning

in

Column

B.

You

will

not

need

oll

the

Column

B

options.

r3.

14.

t5.

16.

(a)

to

be on

the

margins

(of

society)

(b)

to

run amok

(c)

to

be

down-and-out

(d)

to

be on

the

game

(e)

to

be

loitering

with

intent

E@r

(i)

waiting

around

with

the intention

of

causing

trouble

(ii)

having

no

monex

luck

or

opportunities

(iii)

to

behave in

a

wild

and dangerous

manner

(iv)

working

as

a

prostitute

(v)

focused

on

what

needs

to

be

achieved

(vi)

determined

to

escape

something

(vii)

perched

on

the

edge

ofgreatness

i

triii)

excluded/isolated/not

significantly

involved

I

Poveftg

and

Social

lssues

(C)

Now

use

the

phroses

in

Column

A

of

(B)

above

to

fill

the

gops

in

the

following

sentences.

You

moy

need

to

chonge the

form,

tense, word

order

or

phrose

structure

slightly.

I

.

Those

have

few

if any

friends

and

lack

the

means, faculties

or

desire

to

make

a

meaningful

contrib@are

utterly

alone and despondent.

Few

of

us

however

well-intentioned

w-ould be

prepared

to

welcome

someone

in

offthe

streets and

into

our

home

for

fear

they

would

-

if

we

let

our

guard

down

and

took

our

eyes

off

them for

even

a

moment.

He

was

pulled

in

by

the

police

fot

_

,

but

the

reality

is

that

he

was simply and innocently

passing

the

time watching

the

passers-by

go

about

their

daily

business.

and her

once

glamorous

life

was in

pieces;

she

held

little

hope

of finding

a

way

back

to

her

glory

days.

She

was

forced

to

go

to

earn enough money

to

support

her abusive husband's

drug addiction.

(D)

Motch

the

word

in Column

Awith

its

strongest

collocote

from

Column

B

3.

4.

She

was

(a)

domestic

(b)

chequered

(c)

kerb

(d)

illicit

(e)

soup

(f)

black

(g)

sleeping

(h)

people

(i)

substance

O

parental

(i)

history

(ii)

scars

(iii)

violence

(iv)

guidance

(v)

market

(vi)

kitchens

(vii)

trafficking

(viii)

abuse

(ix)

drugs

(x)

rough

emotional

(E)

Now

use

the

onswers

from

(D)

obove

to

fill

the

gops

in

the

followins

sentences.

Use

eoch collocotion

once

only.

2.

She

has

severe

were

serious

dea]ersln-

4.

5.

l.

He

has

a

history

of

and

I

would

regard

him

as

a

loose canon

with

the

potential

to

explode

again

at

any

given

point

in

time

wittout

warning.

lt

is

tragic

that

Ee

has

been

thrown

out onto the streets

but

his

as

both

a

parent

and

a

father moderate

the

level

of

sympathy

I have

for

him

somewhat.

from

her

time

under

the

guardianship

of her foster

parents,

who, it

later

turned out,

and psychologically

unstable

themselves. This

girl

was let

down

badly

by

the

system.

3.

She

is

lacking

and

the

absence

of

a

role model

and

authoriry figure

in

her

life

has

made

her

especially

susceptible

to

suggestion;

it

is

hardly surprising

that

she had been led

astray

by

the

group

of

troubled

youths

she

fell

in

with

while

is

rife

amongst

the

homeless;

you

only

have

to

look

at

the

huge

queues

of

people

lining up outside

the

metttione

clinic

each

day

tJtell

you

that.

Yould

seldom observe

as

big a

queie

outside

the

"

,

ironically.

Thosewhoengagein-mustrealisethattheyareendangeringthewomentheypickupandthattheir

moneysimplylinesthepocketsofpimpsinvolvedinaseedynetworkof-whichstretchesacrossthe

whole

of

Europe

not

to

mention

shady

dealings

in

the

_

.

The

Role

of

Education

in

the

Developing

World

Use

the

word

in

brockets

os o

clue to

help

you

find

the

correct

onswer

for

eoch

gap

in

the

exercise below.

Levelsofl.-[literate]Md2.-[number]remainstartlinglyhighinthedevelopingworld,andwillcontinuetobe

so

until

the

West

provides

or

sponsors

new

education

3.

_

finitiate],

preferably

also

getting

directly involved.

A

better

educa-

tion

is

a

prerequisite

should the

4.

[poverty']

masses

of

Africa ever

wish

to

hold

any

genuine

hope

of

gaining

their

[emancipate]

from

the

metaphorical

shackles

of

poverty.

Education

6.

_[initiate]

for

young

people

as

well

as

lifeJong

learning

prograllmes

will

also help

to

breach

the

gulf

that sepafifes

the

working

classes

from

their

ruling

elite,

a

7.

[privilege]

few who

enjoy

the

8.

[trap]

of

Western wealth

and

the

lifestyle

that

goes

with

it,

while

those

in

their

midst

are

completely

9.

[occupy]

with

the

daily

struggle

for

survival.

Furthermore,

we

must

promote

a

culture

of

10.

Itolerate]

of

corruption,

and

help

to

create

a

newl

I

.

[generate]

for

whom

education rather

than

an

I

2.

fscruple]

nature

will

reap

the

true rewards.

Education-will

also

helpio

bridge another

gap;

that

of the cultural

on"

*hi.TGFEGs

the

West

from

its

brethren

in

the developing

world.

The

13.

[poverry]

slums and shanty

towns

are

a

hotbed

of religious

and

politicall4.-[extreme],buthopefullyeducationwillservetocrqfeabettersenseofI5.-[understand]

betweenatt*epeoptesortheworld,l6.[respect]ofbaclground.Andthiswillespeciall-ybethecaseiftheeducation

Programmes

themselves

are

administered

by

Western

professionals,

who,

in

much

the

same

way

as

they

can

teach

a

thing

or

wvo

to

their

17.

[counter]

in

the

developing

world,

have

also,

no

doubt,

much

to

learn

from

them

in

the

process

as

well.

Cooper-

ation

between

people

from

the

different

cultures

of

the West

and

the developing

world

will

also,

hopefully,

help

to

reduce

levels

of

preludice,

bigotry

xenophobia

and racial

18.

_

[tense].

And,

last

but not

by any means least,

educating

women will

l9.-[power]themtoclaimtheirrightfulplaceinthesocialhierarchyinuP-to-nowmale-dominatedcultures.Their

1l;.--"*-oo,,jHi:"j.H'j:T#'j$:Ill.g}ll1rungfemalestudentscanhopetogoontobecometomorrow'snoliticians,'

r

lmmigration

and

the

Developing

World

(A)

Use

the

words

from

the

box

to

ftll

the

gops.

You

moy

need

to

use

some

words

severol

times.

You

will not

hove

to

chonge

the

tenselform,

but

you

moy

need

to

plurolise

in some

coses.

sustenance

destitution

obligation

cosmopolitan

malnutrition

surrogate

asylum

corru

ption

metropolis

indigenous

oppresslon

tangible

inferiority

inequity

sa

nitation

deprivation

integration

deportation

assimilation

starvation

repercussion

Most of our main

l.

in

the

West

are

now

pretty

diverse

places.

However,

many 2.

seel<ers

come

from

far

less

3.

parts

of the

world,

and

it

can be

quite

a

culture

shock

for them

when they

arrive

in

their

4.

6-

homes. Genuine

5.

seekers are,

by

definition,

fleeing

a

threat

to their

very

lives

and

should

be

afforded

all

the

assistance

and

Protection

the

state can

provide

once

their

status

has

been

upheld and

7.

granted. This extends

as

far

as

helping

then

cope

with

the

8.

process, one

of the

most

immediate

barriers

to

successfully

embracing

which

is,

of

course,

often

the

language.

But

there

are

other

factors

which

can make

9.

difficult,

too.

Many

10.

seekers

carry the

physical

and

emotional

scars

of

I

l.

.

They

may suffer

from

an

12.

complex of

sorts,

too,

and

feel

overwhelmed

by

the

perceived

'sophistication'

of

their

new

home.

Of

course,

the

state's

first

is

to

provide

them

with adequate

14.

.

shelter

and

15.

Manymaybesufferingfroml6.-,or,intheworstcases,starvation.Theeffectsofsleep

may

also be

a

concern

if

their

recent

past has

been

particularly traumatic

and

eventful.

But,

of

course,

these are

the

lucky ones

-

at

least

they

get

to

remain

in

their

adopted

homes.

lf

an

I

8.

applica-

tion

is

reiected, then the

applicant

faces

19.

back

to

their

country

of origin.

Sometimes, those

seeking

asylum

know

their

claim

will

be

reiected

but

go

through

the

process

nonetheless

out

of

sheer

desperation

in

the

hope

that

it

can

buy

them time

to

find

some

other

way

to

stay

in

the

country

which

some

manage

to

do,

often

illegally.

But

iust

because

a

case

is

reiected,

that

is

not

to

say

that

the

individual

or

individuals

concerned

will

not

face serious

20.

they

return

home.

For some,

the door

to

the

West

is a

tantalising

jar

agape,

but

not

enough

so

as

to

gain

entry.

lnstead,

they

are

perhaps

faced

with

the

harsh realities

of

famine and

2

|

.

,

political22.

23.

back

in

their

24.

homes.

The

grim

realities

of

25.

on

the

very

margins are

all

that

await

the

most tragic

cases

of

the

reiected.

(B)

Find

closest motches

for

the

definitions

listed

below

from

the

onswer

choices

given

for

the

/ost section.

I

.

substitute

7.

the

state

of

being

without

money,

food,

shelter

or

2.

unfair

and

cruel

government of

people

POSSeSSTOnS

3.

large

city

8.

relating

to

or

originating

in

a

Particular

region,

or

social

and life

4.

disposal

of

sewage

and

solid waste

associated

with

cleanliness

t2.

14.

native

9. food

5.

diverse

and

varied,

having

a

global feel

lO.the

feeling

of

not

being

as

good

as

something

else

6.

injustice

or

unfairness

Pover$

in

the

Developing

World

(A)

Se/ect

on

oppropriote

word

from

the

box

in

the

following

page

to

fill

eoch

gdp.

Use

eoch

word

once

only

and

do

not

chonge the

form.

Much

of

the developing

world

is

caught

in

a(n)

l.

of sorts,

battling

to

overcome

the

psychological and

physical

scars

of the

near

past

-

of,

in many

cases,

colonial

or

2.

rule

-

while

at

the

same

time

oddly

3.

about

making

the

changes

necessarT

to

4.

a

better

future.

ln

many

cases,

the

sums

don't add

up;

large

Parts

of

Africa and

Latin

America,

for

example, are

resource-rich

and

5.

well-positioned

to

make

their

mark

in

the

2lst

century

but,

alas,

there

is

something

holding

them

back.

For

some,

the source

of

the

problem

lies

very

high up

indeed;

in

corrupt

and/or

unstable

governments,

which

typically

rule

for

the

privileged few while

the

6.

many struggle

on

in

7.-.othersareravagedbyyearsoreVendecadesoftribalwarand8.

,

and

yet

more

have

simply

been

the victims

of

misfortune

-

the

wrath

of Mother

Nature,

for

example,

which

has

unleashed

drought,

famine and,

at

times,

urter

9.

on

the

hapless masses

of much

of

Sub-Saharan

Africa

over the

years.

But,

whatever about

the

10.

_

causes,

the

results

are

as

clear

as

day.

A

lack

of

access

to

education

and

medical

care

has

left

many

countries

ravaged

by

diseases

by and

large

under

control

in

the

West. Think

the AIDS

epidemic;

that

immunity-crip-

pling

terminal

illness

that

much

of

Africa

is

still

struggling

to

get

a

handle

on.

Factors

like

poor sanitation,

malnutrition,

Poor

or

a

total

lack

of

access

to

clean

water,

high rates

of

violent

crime

and

civil

|

|

.

-

all

play

their

part

and

contribute

to

the

reality

on

the

ground:

high

infant

13.

_

rates,

low

life expectancy,

loblessness,

substance

abuse,

,

benightedness;

the

situation

for

many

is

dire.

Where,

in

the

West, when

we

talk

about

poverty,

we

do

so

in

relative

terms,

here,

Poverty

is

15.

.

The

poverty

line

is

not drawn

to

distinguish

those

who

can

maintain

a

good

standard

of

living

from

those

struggling

to

do

so,

but rather

it

underlines

the difference

between

life and death;

the

struggle

to

exist

lust

long

enough

to

welcome

in

another

tomorrow.

E

Poveftg

and

Social

lssues

absolute

despotic

corruption

devastation

hesitant

indigence

limbo

mortality

ostensibly

safeguard

squalor

underlying

disheartening

subservient

unrest

I

.

essentiaUfundamental

3.

filth/dirt

5.

death

7.

reluctant

9.

compliant

I

l.

state

of uncertainty

|

3. destitution/poverty

I

5. disturbance/discontent

(B)

Ihe

words below

ore

synonyms

of

or

similor

in

meaning

to

the onswer choices

for

exercise

(A).Write

eoch onswer-choice

from

(A)

next

to

its synonym(s)

below.

2. destruction

4.

ty

rannical

I

autocratic

6. total

8.

dishonesty/unscrupulousness

10.

secure/protect

I

2.

demoralising/depressing

I

4.

apparently/seemingly

(C')

Motch

the words

in

Column

A

with

their strongest

collocates

in

Column

B.

(a)

humanitarian

(b)

debt

(c)

culture

(d)

war

(e)

racial

(f)

religious

(g)

refugee

(h)

physical

(i)

regime

O

witch

(i)

clash

(ii)

aid

(iii)

change

(iv)

tension

(v)

doctor

(vi)

camp

(vii)

zealot

(viii)

infrastructure

(ix)

fighter

(x)

crime

(D)

Use

the

onswers

to

(C)

obove

to

fill

in

the

gops

in the

sentences

below.

l.

The

government

has

sanctioned

the

sending

of

to

the

areas

worst

affected

by

the

conflict.

2. The

_

are

thought

to

have

lost considerable

ground

in

the

exchange today, and

now look

unlikely

to

threaten

theEFiEi.

3.

The

girl

died

after

her

parents

chose

to

take

her

to

a(n)

the

medical care

she so

badly needed.

rather

than

a

hospital

where

she

could

get

4.

He

is

a(n)

who

stokes

up

hatred

with

his

inflammatory

speeches

about

the

evils

of Christendom.

5.

A(n)

_

was set

up

lust

across

the

border

in Ti.rrkey

to

give

those

fleeing

the conflict

area

shelter

and

access

to

basic essentials.

6.

The

U.S.

is

demanding

_

arms

against

their

leaders.

and

has

pledged

to

support the

people

of the country

should

they

rise up

in

7.Asyet,noformof-hasbeenagreed,sothecountryremainsintheludicrouspositionofhavingtomake

crippling

repayments

while the

people on

the

ground

starve.

is

thought

to

have been

the

catalyst

for the

latest

conflict,

which

is

less

about

land

than

identity.

9.

The

U.S.

called

it

a(n)

,

but

Syria says

it

acted

with

restraint

and

in accordance

with

international

law

in

self-defence.

l0.Thecountr7's-hasbeenmoreorlesscompletelydestroyedasaresultofthislong-runningconflict.

it

will

take

years

to

rebuild.

I

l.

ContrarT

to

predictions that there

would

be a massive

perfectly

into

the

local

community.

8.

,

the

group

of

asylum

speakers

have

assimilated

Your

Hotel

rA1

Chose

the correct

onswer

option

from

the

four

choices,

a

-

d.

I

.

The room

was

decorated

in

gold

and

silver;

it

was

quite

simply

over the top.

a.

ostentatiously

------E-.

tantalisingly

c.

tactfully

d.

benevolently

2.

They

made

preparations

in

anticipation

of the

arrival

of their

celebrity

guests.

a.

degenerate

b.

decadent

c.

elaborate

d.

strenuous

3.

lt

was

a(n)

location

with

an

intoxicating

sense

of

romance, something

akin

to

what

one

might

fiftfdesaribed

in

a

fairytale.

a.

chivilrous

b.

whlm'sical

c.

enchanting

d.

extravagant

1.

The

decor

of

the

hotel

was

the

lobby.

a.

sumPtuous

8.

The

prices

were

the

menu.

a.

oppressive

|.

1B)

Put

the

words

of

similor

meoning

together

in

groups

Dinner

was

,

and

the after-dinner

entertainment

was equally exceptional.

a.

delectable-b.

despicable

c.

voluptuous

d.

ravishing

The

location was

far

from

and

certainly

not

as

described

on

the

brochure.

a.

nostalgic

b.

melo?fious

c.

bpulent

d.

idyllic

Thevenuehadalovely,warm-andwefeltverycomfortablethere.

a.

semblance

b.

amblEnce

c.

traction

d.

disposition

;

it

screamed

'five-star'

from

the moment

you

stepped into

b.

picturesque

c.

idyllic

d.

quaint

and

there

was

little

value

for

money

to

be

had

in

any

of

the

items

on

b.

exacting

c. extortionate

d.

fraudulent

in

the extreme

and

we

were

left

utterly

L

The

was

decorated

in an

Edwardian

style,

but it looked

like

the

inside

of

the

building

had

b-een

ErougFt

right

up

to

date.

a.

facade

b.

veneer

c.

gurse

d.

camouflage

t0.

Our

hotel

room

was

surprisingly

,

especially

tal<ing

into

consideration

that it

was

very

reasonably

priced.

a.

decadent

b.

commodious

c.

languid

d.

vivacious

The

level of service

we

received

from

all staff,

without

exception,

was

quite

simply

a.

gallant

b.

solicitous

c.

punctilious

d.

exeinplEry

12.

The hotel's description

in

the brochure

was

disappointed

on

arrival.

a.

fallacious

b.

pretentious

cra

m

ped

quirky

sombre

boisterous

immaculate

offbeat

rowdy

f

u

nctio

na

I

spotless

remote

ga

rish

quaint

c.

perplexing

elegant

subtle

subdued

refined

d.

erratic

inco

n

sp

icuou

s

clutte red

chic

secluded

trendy

picturesque

gaudy

utilitarian

l.

Charming

2.

Fashionable

3.

Understated

4.

Classy

5.

Vulgar

6.

lsolated

7.

Basic

8.

Clean

9.

Noisy

10.

Dull

I

L

Not

spacious

12.

Unconventional

Food,

Tnavel

and

Holidags

Food -

Cooking

and Eating

(A)

Choose

the

correct verb

from

the box

to

fill

eoch

gop.

You

shou/d

use

eoch

verb

once

only,

ond

you

moy

need

to

chonge

the

form.

baste

simmer

salivate

marinate

garnish

gorge

braise

munch

whisk

mince

grill

drizzle

devour

t.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

r0.

il.

12.

t3.

After

bringing

the

saucepan

to

the

boil,

allow

to

for

a

further

five

minutes.

The

mere

sight and

smell

of

the

dish

had

us

all

P9l'.-yourselffortherestoftheevening;youdon'thavetohaveallthechocolatestoni8ht;youcanalways

finish

the

box

tomorrow.

I'm

just

going

to

pop

into

the

shop

a

second;

I

need

something

to

on

to

keep me going

until

dinner.

a

little

salad

dressing

over the

top

iust

before you

begin

to

serve.

the

egg

whites

and

sugar

together

in a

separate

bowl.

Such

was

the

aPPetite

I

had

worked

up

that

I

had

_

everT

last

morsel

that

had

been

put

on

my

plate

in

a

mafter of

minutes.

She

the

steak

in

a

brandy-and-stock

mix for

two

hours.

the turkey

at

regular

intervals

during

the

cooking

process.

the

dish

with

a

sprig

of mint.

the

fish

in

the

lemon-and-spice

mix

for

about

four

hours

before

frying.

the

fish on

a

high heat

for

approximately

five

minutes,

turning

halfway

through.

the

beef

yourself

is

an

option, but

a

laborious

one

when you

can

buy

it from the

butchers.

(B)

Use

the

words

from

the

box below

to

fill

the

gops.

Use

each

word

once

only.

You

will

not

need

to

chonge

the

form

of

the word.

(C)

Match

the

food

term

on the left

with

its

definition on

the

right.

a.

an

informal

term for

a

beer

b.

cooking of

a

very

high

standard

c.

describes

when

you

can

combine

any

selection

of

dishes

-

not

a

fixed

menu

d.

a

substance

like

salt

which

you

add

to

food

to

make it

taste

better

e.

a

self-service

meal

where

diners

choose

from

a

variety

of

foods

on

display

I

a

small

room

in

a

home/restaurant

used

for

storing food

g.

a large

plate

on

which

a

variety

of foods

are served

together

h.

the appetizer

or first

course

of

a meal

l.

hors

d'oeuvres

2.

a

brew

3.

haute

cuisine

4.

condiment

5.

platter

6.

buffet

7.

a

la

carte

8.

larder

scrumptious

starchy

delectable

raw

rare

curdled

bountiful

putrid

satiated

tangy

soggy

lhadal.

med

at

the

Riverdale

Park

Hotel

last

night;

the

best I've

had

dining

out

for

as

long

as

I

can

remember.

And,

surprisingly,

the

portions

were

2.

_

,

not the

miserly

servings

I've

grown

accustomed

to

getting

in

these

"high-class"

eateries.

Dessert

was

the

most

3.

part

of

the

meal;

a4.-lemoncheesecakewithabasetodiefor-itreallyhitthespot!Andthehousewinewasthe

perfect

accompaniment;

inexpensive

but

full-bodied

and

flavoursome;

I

drank until

I

was

well

and

truly

5.

.

Contrast that

with

my

experience

at

the

weekend

in

Grey's Bowl;

I've never

had such

6.--smellinggunkservedtomeonaplatebefore.Mystarterwaslikesomethingoutofahorror

movie;thinly-sliced7.-steakservedonsomemouldycheese-aPParentlyit'salltherageatthe

moment.Well,notlikely;lwouldsoonereatmyhat.Formains,lwasserveda8.-gooPthewaiter

tried

to

pass

off

for

mashed

potatoes,

with

9.

vegetables

and

more exceptionally

lO.

_

beef

-

the

blood was

still oozing

out of it for

goodness'

sake.

Then,

for

dessert,

I had

the

joy

of tasting

a

custard

that

had I

l.

to

such an

extent that it

might

just

as

well

have

been

scrambled

egg

- absolutely

disgusting!

(D)

Se/ect the

correct

word

from

the box

to

fill

each

gap.

inedible

fa

re

nibbles

gourmet

fusion

consistency

eatery

culinary

connoisseur

assortment

(i)

luggage

(ii)

lodge

(iii)

bag

(iv)

sickness

(v)

year

(vi)

miles

(vii)

occupancy

(viii)

counter

(ix)

gate

(x)

crew

beverage

casserole

accompaniment

palate

Why

is

it

that soft

drinks

are so

much

more

exPensive

than alcoholic

s

in

pubs?

Thisisthechef'sspecial;a(n)-ofvegetables,eachcookedinadifferentway.

This sparkling

wine

is

the

perfect

to

spicy

food.

This

is

a

lamb

,

cooked

to

perfection

on

a

low

heat

for

five

hours.

Heconsidershimselfa(n)-ofallthingsfood-related.lconsiderhimanarrogantknow-it-all.

Just

plating

up

this

dish

is

a(n)

feat

in itself;

it

must

have

taken

the

chef

forever

to

achieve

this

level

of detail

in

his

presentation.

The

local

which

I

frequent

the most

is

Gardner's

on

43rd

Street.

Ycu

will

struggle

to

find finer

in any

restaurant

in

the city; this

is

truly

a

delight

for

the

senses.

He runs

a

restaurant

downtown

which

is

beloved

of

the

hip

and

trendy, but,

to

me,

his

food

sounds

like

an

ill-conceiv-eclmishmashofChineseandEuropeanflavoursthatwerenevermeanttobecombined.

You

don't

have

a

very

discerning

,

do

you?

I

mean,

I

would

have

sent

that

Plate

of food

back

to

the

kitchen

personally,

but then

who

am

I

to

say

what

you

should

or

shouldn't

do...

I'm

not

sure

this

_

cooking

malarkey

is

all

it's

cracked

up

to

be;

for

me,

I

think

the

word

is

iust

an

excuse

to

serve

miserly

portions

offooclon

a

plate

and

charge

astronomical

prices

for

doing

so.

I

2.

lt's not

really

of

the

right

for

a

good

rue

sauce

-

far

too

runny,

if

you

ask me.

I

3.

The

food

in

that

restaurant was

simply

,

and

while

I

felt

a

bit

guilty

about

doing

it,

I

was left

with

no

choice

but

to

return

my

plate

to the

kitchen,

and

get

up and

leave.

I

4.

I

bought some crisps,

nuts and

other

to

have

when

the

neighbours

come around.

Holidays

(A)

Motch

the

words or

phroses

in

Column

A

with

their

strongest

collocotions

in

Column

B.

(a)

toilet

(b)

carry-on

(c)

cab

(d)

foreign-exchange

(e)

ski

(f)

cabin

(g)

departure

(h)

double

(i)

air

fi)

travel

fare

Which

of

the

collocotions

obove:

l.

is a

term

used

to

describe

a

long break students

often take

before

starting

their

third-level

education?

2.

is a

form

of

accommodation?

3.

is a

type of

hotel-room

booking?

Se/ect

on

oppropriote

collocotion

from

those

you

motched obove

to

fill

eoch

gop

in

the

following

sentences.'

4.

The

from the airport

to

the

hotel

was

considerably

less

than

I had

feared

it

might be;l

read

horror

stories

before

I

got

here

of how

tourists

are

frequently

ripped

off.

5.

Mv

exceeded

the weight

limit

and

had

to

be

put

in

the

hold.

6.

The

was

changed at

the

last

minute,

causing

considerable

confusion

amongst

Passengers

wishing

to

board

the flight.

I

got

1,000

bonus

7.

E

for

using

my

frequent flyer

number when

booking.

Food,

Ti'avel

and

Holidags

(B)

Complete

the

following

sentences

by

inserting

the

misslng verb.

You

do

not have

ony

clues

to

help you.

l.

I

don't normally

2.

We've

been

business class,

but

I had an

operation

only

last

week

so

comfort

is

my

priority.

on standby

for

the

next

available

return-flight

to

Majorca.

via

the

rear

exit of the

plane.

4.ThePlane-offfromtherunwaywithoutincidentdespiteastrengtheningcrosswind.

5.

His application

for

a

visa

was

down

due

to

an incident

which occurred

on

a

previous

visit

to

the

country.

6.

The flight

has

b""n

_

by

more

than

three

hours on

account

of the

adverse

weather

conditions.

7.

lt

is

customary

here

in

America

to

the

bellboy

at

least

5olo

of the room-price.

at Frankfurt

airport

until

such

time

as

the runway

the runway

of

lying

snow

have

proved

in

vain

as

the clean-up

crew

have also had

to

contend

with

fresh

falls.

10.

The

plane

was

forced

to

to

Jefferson

Airport

on account

of the

runway

closures

at

its original

terminal

destination.

3.

Please

8.

He

remains

9.

Efforts

to

(C)

Use the words

from

the box below

to

fill

in

the

gops

in

sentences

I

-

12.

retreat(s)

capacity

hectic

amenity(ies)

promenade(s)

regatta(s)

jau

nt

hiatus

diversion(s)

sabbatical

recuperation

downtime

junket

keepsa ke(s)

itinerary

l.Thehotelwestayedathadagreatrangeof-,and,asaresult'webarelyfelttheneedtoVentureoutallweek.

2.

When

we

arrived, we

were

informed that the hotel

was full

to

,

and

that our

room

was no

longer

available

due

to

an

administrative

error

that

had seen

it

double-booked.

-

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

A

Sunday

to

the

hills

is

all

the

holiday

I

need

to

feel

refreshed and ready

to

face

another week of

work.

The

government-sponsored

_

was ostensibly

a

trade

trip

but

in

reality

it was

a

holiday

by

any

other

name.

Hepurchasedatraditionaldrumasa(n)-torememberhistriPby.

They strolled

along

the

hand-in-hand and

watched the

sun

set

over

the

still ocean.

Our

Economics

lecturer

is

on

il.

12.

for

the

next

six

months,

which

means

we'll

have

someone

new

teaching

us

this semester.

8.Thebandtooka(n)-forthreemonthstohaveamuch-neededbreakfromoneanother.

9.

He

is

staying

at

a(n)

iust

the

form

of

just

the

of-heneedsrightnowtohelphimrecoverfromhisbreakdown,

up

in

the

mountains

for

a

few

weeks;

apparently

isolating himself

from the

outside

world

is

l0.Wechangedour-somewhatfromtheoriginalplananddecidedtogiveourselvessomemore-to

relax

and

do

nothing;

we

realised

you

were

right about our

schedule being

too

and

unrealistic.

This

year's

is

predicted

to

be

the best-attended

for

many

a

year

with

a

crowd

of

10,000

expected

to turn

out

to

see

the

boats off.

Forme,holidaysareawelcome-fromthegrimrealitiesofworkinglife.

(D)

Choose the

correct

word

to

fill

eoch

gap

from

the

two

onswer-choices

given

ond chonge

the

formltense

if

required.

l.Hehadanunfortunateexperienceonhislasttripabroadsooptedfo'"-holidaythistime.

[foreign

/

domestic]

Passengerswereaskedtohavetheirticketsreadyfordisplayand-theplanebytherearexitonlywhilea

technical

fault

in

the

front

door

was

being

examined

by

ground

crew.

fboard

/

disembark]

Hisholidaywas-bytwodaysonaccountofhishavingtorushbackhomeintimeforthebirthofhisthird

grandson.

[cut

short

/

postpone]

3.

4.

His

daughter's injury

served

to

her.

fdelay

/

hasten]

his

return

to

the

family

home

while

he

stayed behind

at

the

resort

to

care

for

(A)

Family

lssues

Choose

a word

from

the box

below

to

fit

in

eoch

gop.

You

should

use

eoch

word

once

only.

Plurolise

if

necessory.

material

promiscuous

chasm

2.

3.

4.

5.

There

are

a

t.

they

get

that

their

I

2.

their !3.

woe

device

inept

epidemic

amok

crisis

obstinate

breakdown

conspicuous

I

.

Father and

mother

figures are becoming

more

and

more

by

their

absence,

forced

to

spend

a

greater amount

of

time

away

from the

family

unit

due

to

workplace

commitments.

of

the

family

unit

is leading

to

single-parent

families.

Economic

are

helping

to

create

a

situation

whereby

there

are

more

and

more

families

with two

working

parents.

There

is

not

so much

a

gap

as a

huge

_

between

the

generations; this

causes

regular

disputes

and

misunderstandings.

Adolescentteensareexperiencinga(n)-ofidentityandarenotbeinggivensufficientparentalguidancetocoPe.

Children

are

being

left

unsupervised

more

often

and

from

a

younger

age, and

given

licence

to

run

The

prevailing

culture

of

opting

for

convenience

and

junk

foods

is

contributing

to

the

obesity

-

affecting

today's

youth'

The

fact

that fewer

and

fewer

families

sit down

to

eat

together

at

the dinner

table

is

helping

to

create

a

generation

that

is

socially

Left

to

their

own

The

6.

7.

8.

9.

t0.

il.

The

youth of today

are

more

opinionated

and

than

ever

before.

Young

people are

exploring

their

sexuality

from

a

younger

age

and

are becoming

more

and

more

Experimenting

in

this way can

lead

to

problems

such

as

teenage

pregnancy.

I

2.

Parents

try

to

compensate

for the

fact

that

they

are

around

less by

buying

more.gifts

for their

children,

and,

in

so doing,

unintentionally

contribute

to

the

skewing

of vaiues

in society

such

that

more

and

more

emphasis

is

being

placed

on

things.

Teen

lssues

(a)

Choose the

word

from

the box

which

collocotes

most

strongly

for

eoch

gop

in

the

text.

morbidly

unrealistic

suicide

academic

virtu

a

I

pushy

friendship

self

social

calorie

sleep

sedentary

splendid

a

ntisocial

,

many

youths

are

turning

to

destructive

habits

like smoking

and

drinking.

myriad

of

lifestyle

issues

affecting

the

youth

of

today.

Such

is

the

pressure heaped

on

many

school-goers

to

achieve

excellence

by

their

parents

that

these

2.

_expectations

are

causing

children

to

become

hopelessly

depressed.

lndeed, some,

in

their

desperation

to

escape

and

their

sense

of

guilt at

being

unable

reach

the

levels

of

success

demandedofthembytheir3.-Parents,eitherrebelinwhatistantamounttoacryforhelp,or,worsestill,engagein

4.

-harm.

lt

is

no coincidence

that

5.

rates,

expecially

amongst

young males, have

been

rising steadily

for

some

time

now. These

are tough

times

to

be

a

teen.

Then there

are those

who

get hooked

on

the

internet;

the

6.

world

becomes

their

reality.

For these

teens,

their

7.

circle

shrinks

dramatically

until,

at

last,

their

8.

sphere

is

limited

solely

to

their

online

buddies.Notalonedotheycommonlysufferfrom9.-deprivationonaccountoftheirdestructiVeaddictiontogame

play

and

net-surfing,

their

behaviour

may become

so

erratic

and

peculiar

over time

as

to

be

considered

I

0.

And

while

they

sit at

their

comPuter

screens

hidden

away

in

I

l.

isolation

from

the

real

world,

such

is

the

lack

of

exercise

intake

far exceeds

what

is

necessary

for

them

to

maintain

a

stable

weight.

ln

essence,

due

to

lifestyle,

their

weight

skyrockets

until

such

time

as

they become

14.

obese.

lssues

Facing

Young

People

(b)

Choose

the

most

suitable verb

from

the box

to

fit

in

eoch

gop

ond

chonge

the

form

or

tense

if

necessary,

resist

dabble

compromise

yield

involve

esta

b

lish

gratify

yea

rn

ostracise

foster

impart

become

refine

exclude

instill

Never

is

it

more important

to

fit

in

than during

adolescence,

that critical

time

of development

when

a

young person's

character

is

l.

and

they

find

their

place

in

the

world.

To be 2.

or

socially 3.

is, in

fact,

probably

the

their own

be-

worst

nightmare

for

most teens,

and

the

majority

will

do

anything

to

avoid

it,

even

if

that

means

4.

liefs,

5.

to

peer

pressure

and doing things

they

normally

would

never

dream of. But

it

is in

the

making

of

such

compromises

that

a

teen's life can be

destroyed

in

an instant. Indeed,

it

is

not

at

all

uncommon

for

an

otherwise

perfectly

decent

young

lad

or

lass

to

fall

in

with

the

wrong

crowd

and

find

themselves caught up in

all

sorts

of

trouble.

Depending

on

how

im-

pressionableateenis,andtheeXtenttowhichthey6.-foracceptance,thereisnotellingwhattheywilldointheir

efforts to

gain

same,

from

7.

with

drugs

to

8.

themselves in

criminal

activities.

The

key

determining

factor

in

9.

the likelihood

of

whether

a

young person

will

go

off

the

rails

is

not

simply

their

background

as

one

might

expect.

lt

is, in

fact,

the extent

to

which

their

parents

have

10.

confidence

and

a

sense

of self-worth

in

them

as

they

have

grown

up.

A

child

who

is

at

ease in

their

own

skin and

confident

in

who

and

what

they

represent

as

a

person

is

far

less

likely

to

put

themselves

in

a

position

where they

will

be

compromising

their

morals

simply

to

I

l.

a

few

peers.

ln

short, you

can

give

a

child

the

best education money

can buy

and

12.

on

them

all

the

moral

virtues

and

wisdom

you

wish, but

this

will

count

for

nothing

unless

you

also

13.

in

them

an

appreciation

of

their

own

value

as an

individual.

Only then

will

they

be

able

to

14.

the

pressure

from

their

peers

and

the

natural inclination

to try

to

I

5.

_

popular

and be

considered

'cool'

regardless

of

the

consequences.

Teen

Mischief-making

Motch

the

verbs

in

Column

A

with

the

phroses

in

Column

B.

(a)

falling

(b)

playing

(c)

dabbling

(d)

rebelling

(e)

getting

(f)

getting

(g)

getting/having

(h)

ganging

(i)

spreading

fi)

pulling

(k)

making

(l)

acting

(m)

sparing

(n)

flunking

(o)

vying

(p)

flouting

(q)

having

(r)

sleeping

(i)

around

(ii)

with

drugs

(iii)

up

to

no

good

(iv)

against

authority

(v)

a

run

in

with the

law

(vi)

the

class

(vii)

a

criminal

record

(viii)

one

over

on

your

peers

(ix)

rash

decisions

(x)

for

attention

(xi)

no

thought

for

anyone

(xii)

on

the

spur of

the moment

(xiii)

a

strop

(xiv)

up

on

one

another

(xv)

mdicious rumours

(xvi)

the

rules

(xvii)

truant

(xviii)

in

with

the wrong

crowd

Now

use

o

number of

the

phroses

obove

to

fill

in

the

gops.

You

will

not

need

to

use

oll of them,

and

nor will

you

hove

to

chonge

the

verb

form

or tense

for

the

correct

onswers.

l.

lam

and

it's

looking verT likely

that I'll

have

to

repeat.

No

doubt that

'angel'

of ours

is

again

with

those

mischievous friends

of

his.

Why

must

you

persist

in

?

One

of

these

days

you

will

get

caught

and

wind

up

in

serious

trouble.

lf

I

catch

your

son

again,

Mrs

White,

he

will

automatically

be

expelled;

his

attendance

record

is

already appalling.

5.

Alex

and

Paula

are

always

;

I

have

to

be

very

careful

to

devote

equal

time

to

them both

so

as

not

to

be accused

of

favouritism.

2.

3.

4.

Teen

Relationships

and Relationship

lssues

Se/ect o

verb

from

the box

which

fits

in

eoch

gop

ond

change

the

form

or

tense

os

oppropriate.

Sorne

verbs ore

used

more thon

once.

fall

go

do

ca

ll

fa ll

stand

break

chat

brush

ask

t.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

We'dbeensteadyforaboutsixmonthsbeforehe-itoff.

They-offtheen8agementjustbeforeChristmasand-uP.

lspentthewholeni8ht-herupandeventuallypluckedupthecourageto

She

me

off

and

said she

wasn't

interested.

When

it was clear

to

us

both that

it

wasn't

working, we

our

separate ways

for

good.

He

the

dirt

on me

with

my

best

friend;

I

don't

think

I

can

ever

forgive either

of

them.

We'd

arranged

to

meet outside

Barney's Cafe at 8

o'clock, but

she

me

up.

We're

up

and

going

to

it

quits.

her

out.

9,l-forherinabadwayandwasbesottedforthebestpartoftwoyears.

10.

We

head

over

heals

in love

probably

the

flrst

time

we

ever

met;

it was

sort of

instant.

lssues

affecting

School-

and College-leavers

(a)

Match

the verbs

in

Column

A to

the

correct

phrase-endings

in

Column

B.

(a)

priced

(b)

vetting

(c)

spiralling

(d)

burden

(e)

saddled

(f)

diminishing

(g)

prohibitive

(i)

candidates

(ii)

of debt

(iii)

out

of

the

market

(iY)

with

debt

(v)

out of control

(vi)

cost of

third-level

education

(vii)

value

of

a

college education

|

(h)

let

(viii)

down

by

the

system

I

(b)

Now

use

the completed

phrases

to

fill

the

gaps

in

the

sentences below.

You

will

need

to

use

each

phrase

once

only,

You

will

not

need

to

change

the verb forms.

I

.

The

rate of

youth unemployment

is

2.

Moreover,

the

is

putting

many

good

students

from

disadvantaged

areas

off

the

idea

of

pursuing

their

studies

further.

3.

After

all,

the only option

open

to

them

is

to

finance

their

education

through

loans

and face

having

to

deal

with

a

huge

as

they start

into

their

working

lives.

4.

And

yet,

more

and

more

today,

recruiters

require that

applicants

for

even

fairly

basic

administrative roles

have

at

least

a

foundation

degree.

5.

The

is

clear

for

all

to

see, so

why

is

it then that

something

that

is

worth

less

now

6.

Those

lucky enough

to

be

able

to

pursue

their

college

education

are

_

and

will

be struggling

to

pay

this off

for

much of

their

early

working

life.

on

exiting

the

system,

7.

Graduates

would

be

lustified

in

feeling

aggrieved

and

_

,

having

been made false

promises

and

given

assurances

about

the opportunities

that

would

present

themselves on attaining

a

college

education only

to

discover

that

their

prospects are

very

bleak indeed.

8.

And they

also

have

to

contend

with

the reality of

having

been

property;

they

will

not

get

a

foothold

on

the

property

ladder

f

or

a

good

many

years.

when it

comes

to

buying

lssues

Facing

Young

People

toil

midnight

oil

balance

climate

rat

race

commuter belt

exorbitant

suburbia

brownie

points

Life

for

2O-something-year-olds

The notion

of

work-life

l.

is

something many

a

20-something-year-old

would

have

a

good

chuckle at,

for

theirs

is

the

grim

reality

of

the

2.

harsh

economic

3.

,

which they

are caught up

in

from the moment they

leave university,

if,

that

is, in

the

that

exists

at

present,

they

are lucky

enough

to

find

a

job

in

the

first

place.

And

to

make mat-

ters

worse,

4.

house

prices

push

them

further

and

further out

into

the

5.

,

from where they

have

toendurelongcommutestoandfromworkdaily.Andevenherein6.-,affordableaccommodationisbasicallya

thing

of

the

past,

so

not only

have

they

to

contend

with

the

debt burden they inherited on

leaving

college,

they

also have

mort-

gage

or

rental

payments

to

cover. ln

an

effort

to

safeguard

their

precious

jobs,

and, indeed,

their

financial

futures,

they

work

tirelessly, doing

overtime

and staying

in

the

office

after

hours hoping

to score

7.

with

the

boss.

They return

home

late

at

night

having

burnt

the

8.

,

tired

and stressed, and

with

little

time

to

unwind before they are

into

an-

other

day's 9.

Buying

a

House

Choose the

word

thot

bestfits

for

eoch

gop

from

the

box

below.

Use

eoch word once

only.

prudence

proportion

a

rrea

rs

bust

foreclosure

plummet

repossessron

revelation

negative

equity

deposit

There

has

never

been

a

worse

time

to

be

in

the

house-buying

game.

Well,

never,

that

is, assuming

you

are

a

first-time

buyer.

lf

you

are

an

investor,

you

will

likely

be

rubbing

your

hands

with

glee;

after

all, demand

for

rental

properties

has

seldom

been

so

strong.Theaverageageoffirst-timebuyersintheU.K.hasnowrisento37,andthisisaparticularlyshockingl.-

when

one takes

into

consideration

the

fact

that

parents

are stumping up

more

and

more

funds

towards

their

children's

first

house

purchases.

The

reason

for

this

is

that

the

2.

of the

funds

banks

expect

first-time

buyers

to

put

up

by

way

of

a3.

has

increased

considerably

in

recent

years

and can

be

25o/o

or

more,

depending on

the

individual

circum-

stances

of

the applicant(s). But

it

is

not that

banks

are being

difficult or

greedy per

se;

it

is

simply

a

matter of

sensible lending.

ln

countrieslikelrelandandSpainwherethepropertymarkethasgonefromboomto4.-,hugenumbersoffirst-

time

buyers are

struggling

in

5.

,

unable

to

meet

their

monthly

repayments and accumulating substantial

levels

of

6.

.Andinsuchcases,bankshavelittleoptionbuttothreaten7.-.lnthisscenario,8.

and

the

prospect

of

homelessness

loom

large

on

the

horizon

as

the most

probable

outcomes.

So

it

is

hardly surprising

then

that

banks here

in

the U.K.

are

looking

to

avoid

creating

a

similar situation.

And while the U.K.,

and

particularly

the

London, prop-

erty

market

has

not

seen

the

same level

of fluctuation

as

those

of either lreland

or

Spain,

it

would

not

take

very

much

to

tip the

market over the

edge,

and

for

house prices

to then

9.

t0.

,

it

is

clear,

is

the

order

of the

day.

Three

of

a

Kind:

Find

the

missing

word.

For

each

group

of

sentences,

I

-

7,

there

is

one

suitob/e

word

which will

fill

oll

the

gops.

Find

out whot

it

is

ond

write

it

in

the

spoce

provided.

Exomple

(a)

He

was rushed

to the Accident

and

Emprg,n.y

room.

(b)

There

was

a

medical

energency

on

my

flight

to

Seoul

-

luckiV

a

doctor

was

on

hand

to

help.

(c)

I

work

in

the

ER,

also

known

as

the

Energenqv

Room.

lt's not

pleasant

work,

but

I

do

save lives

on

a

daily

basis.

|

.

(")

The

doctors

removed

a

foreign

from

his

skull.

(b)

His

temperature

had

fallen dangerously

low

and

he

was suffering

from

hypothermia.

(c)

His

-fat

content

was far

too

high and

he

was

put

on

a

special

diet.

2.

(a) The patient

had

a

very low

threshold,

so

the doctor administered

a

strong

local anaesthetic.

(b)

He

was complaining

of

a

throbbing

in

his head,

and

then

suddenly collapsed on

the

floor.

relief

tablets.

(c)

She

prescribed

the

patient

some

strong

3.

(a)

She

was diagnosed

with

a

very

agsressive

form of

cancer.

(b)

The

burn

wound

required

a

_

graft,

but

seems

to

have

healed

quite

well

since

the

procedure.

(c)

Her

came

out

in

an

itchy red

rash,

which doctors

blamed

on

an

allergic

reaction to

the

medicine

she

was taking.

(a)

The

surgeon was

forced

to

remove the

organ

entirely

from

its socket,

and

replace

it

with

a

glass

_

.

(b)

The

doctor

prescribed

special

drops

to

counteract the

dryness

problem.

(c)

His black

_

was caused by none

other than

his

six-year-old daughter,

who

accidentally

hit

her

father

in

the

face

with

a

toy

doll

she

was swinging

around

in

the

air

as

part

of

some

sort

of

game.

(a)

The

patient

complained of

_

spasm in

the

neck area.

However, the symptom

disappeared

within

a

few

days.

(b)

The extent

of

the

fatigue

experienced

by

the

patient

was

such

that

he

struggled

to

perform

any

task

requiring

even

the

slightest

use

of

force.

(c)

The heart

is

principally

composed

of

cardiac

- not the

type,

mind,

that

you

can

build

up

by

going

to

the

gym;

this

is

a

special kind

found

only

in

the

walls

of the

heart.

6.

(a)

The

white

blood

disease.

are

those

which

perform

the

immunising

role

and

protect the

body

against

infections

and

(b)

Cancerous

_

were

basically

once normal,

but

have

mutated

and begun attacking

surrounding

_

and

invading

the rest of the

body.

(c)

Examination

of

the

under

a

microscope

revealed

that the

damage

was deeper

than

previously

thought

and

that

the

disease

wa-hfthiylivasive.

7.

(a)

He

fractured

the

metatarsal

in

his big

toe

and was sidelined

for

six

weeks.

He

only returned

to

training

for

the

'

.

first time

with

the

rest

of

the-Gafion

S-aturday.

(b)

Multiple myeloma

is

a

cancer

of the

_

marrow.

This

type of

cancer

is

very

serious

unless

caught

early.

(c) The

suspected break

to

the

_

proved

to

only

be

a

bad sprain on

further

examination.

Medical

Abbreviations

[Write

these

common

abbreviotions

out

in

full.f

.1,

5.

1.

gp

EmerOency

Room

2.4&E

3.

STD

4.ICU

5.

GP

6.

DOA

7.

ENf

Surgeon

(clue:

ports

of

the

body)

8.

rB

9.

PM

(clue:

type ofdiseose)

(clue:

...

Autopsy)

Medical

and

Health

lssues

Word

Association

(a)

Complete

the

following

exercise

by

linking

eoch

odjective

(Column

A)

to

the

noun

with

which

it

collocates

(Cotumn

B).

lfin

doubt,

the

strongest

collocotion

should

be se/ected.

(a)

allergic

(b)

infectious

(c)

malignant

(d)

clinical

(e)

general

(f)

digestive

(g)

cardiac

(h)

surgical

(i)

biological

O

critical

(k)

congenital

(l)

post-operative

(m)

terminal

(i)

tumour

(ii)

trial

(iii)

anaesthetic

(iv)

procedure

(v)

clock

(vi)

condition

(vii)

disorder

(viii)

arrest

(ix)

system

(x)

illness

(xi)

consultation

(xii)

disease

(xiii)

reaction

disorder

(b)

Now

motch

the

collocations

with

their

deftnitions:

a

mental

condition

characterised

by

extremes

of

happiness

and

sadness

a

condition

that

will

result

in

death no

matter what

an

extremely

serious

state

of

health

that

is

immediately

life

threatening

a

medical

operation

that

involves making

incisions

into

the body

a

condition

whereby

the

heart stops

functioning

the

part

of

the

body

that

processes

the

food

we

eat

a

drug

administered

to

a

patient

which

puts

them

to

sleep

the

progression

of

time

in

a

woman

from

puberty

to

menopause

an illness

which

can

be

passed

from

one

person

to

another

2n

eggressive

form

of

cancer

that

will

spread

around

the body

when

the

immune

system responds

in

a

harmful

way

to

exposure

to

something

a

way

of testing

a

new

form

of

medicine

or treatment

on

human

subjects

a

health

problem

present

at

and

from

birth

a

meeting

with

a

doctor

after

having

undergone

surgery

(c)

Complete

the

following

poragroph

using

sorne

of

the

collocations

obove.

Use

eoch collocotion

once

only:

Coming

to

Terms

with

Cancer

The

prognosis

was not

good;

I

may

not

have

had

a(n)

terminal

illness

,

but

the

cancer

was at

an

advanced

I

had

stage

and

had

spread

to

the lymph

nodes.

All

this

I

learned

at

a

rather

intense

with

my

doctor

following

the

excision of

the lump

on

my

throat

for

biopsy.

The

doctor

had

assured

me

the

lump

was

probably

benign,

so,

as

you

can

probably

imagine,

it

came

as

quite

a

shock

to

learn

that

I

had

a(n)

,

and

that

the

cancer

had

already spread.

As

if

that

wasn't

traumatic

enough,

I

then

had

to

prepare

myself

for

another

the doctor

would

perform

the very next

day

-

he said

it

could-

n't

wait.

I

would

be

put

under

again

and

would

be

out

for

about

one

hour.

I

would

feel

very groggy

for

a

good

two

hours

after

waking

up.

'Why

not

tn/

chemo?'

I

asked him. Turns

out

I

have

a

history

of

to

this

form

of

treatment

in my family

-

it

nearly

killed

my

uncle.

Apparently,

chemo

would

do more

harm than

good

where

my

body

is

concerned.

At

the moment

my

head

is

all

over

the

place.

The

last

few

days

have been

a

lot to take

in.

And the

situation

is

com-

plicated

by

the

fact

that

my

paftner

and

I

were

planning

to

have

a

baby.

That

will

have

to

be

postponed

indefinitely.

But,

the thing

is,

I'm

33

now

and my

is

ticking.

Will

I

ever

be

able

to

have

a child?

E:

i.

-'14

Word

Transformation

ln

the

box

below

there

ore

I

5

words.

You

will

need

to

use

eoch

word

once

only

in

completing

sentences

I

'

15.

You

will

hove

to

chonge

the

form

of

the

correct

word

in

order

for

it

to

fit

the

gap

in

the

relevont

sentence'

impair

deficient

dependent

defect

diagnose

prognose

symptom

remiss

morbid

immune

prescribe

therapy

hereditariness

spine

elect

t.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

t0.

il.

12.

t3.

14.

t5.

The

tests

showed

up an

iron

His alcohol

The

patient's

You

have

an

enhanced

,

so

now

I have

to

take

supplements

every

morning.

is

becoming

a

real

issue

which could

potentially ruin

his life.

heart

valve was

operated

on

successfully

this

morning.

to

this strain

of the

flu

virus

-

there

is

no chance

of

you

falling

ill.

injury

this

severe can

often

result

in

paralysis

-

you

are

a

very

lucky

man.

Why

is

it

that

I

can never

seem

to

read

the

handwriting

on

the

doctor's

pharmacist,

she

seems

to

understand

perfectly.

,

but,

when

I

hand it

to

the

benefits

of

gardening are

widely

acknowledged.

I

expect

that

I

will

get

breast

cancer

sadly

at some

point

in

my

life

- it's

,

you

see

- my mother

and

grandmother before

me

had it.

I'm

having

surgery

to

have

the

lesion

removed.

lt's

a

prudent step;

in

two

or three

years'

time,

what's

to

say

it

won't

h-av-e

mutated

into

something

far more

deadly?

The cancer

is

in

thank

goodness

-

though

I

haven't

got

the

all-clear

iust

yet...

The

patient

is

The

obese,

which

is

severely

impacting

on

his

quality

of

life'

is

good -

as

the

disease

was

caught

early

I

have an

excellent

chance

of recovery

of

arthritis

came

as a

shock

to

me

-

I'm only

32

for

goodness'

sake.

A

mouth

ulcer

that

lasts

more

than

three weeks

may

be

of

oral

cancer.

The

accident

left

him

with

a

permanent

visual

Word

Association

2

The

The

(a)

sedate

(b)

administer

(c)

dress

(d)

deliver

(e)

probe

(f)

amputate

(g)

admit

(h)

detect

(i)

analyse

fi)

burp

(k)

discontinue

(i)

the

limb

(ii)

the

wound

(iii)

an

improvement

(iv)

the

baby

(v)

the

wound

(vi)

the

sample

(vii)

the

patient

to

the

ward

(viii)

the drug

(ix)

the

treatment

(x)

the

baby

(xi)

the

patient

(b)

Use

theverbsfromColumnAobovetofillin

thegops

intheextroctbelow.You

shou/duse

eochverbnomorethononce.Youwill

not

need

all

the

verbs.

You

may

need

to

change

the

tense

of

the

verb

concerned.

He was

to

hospital

after

the

car

accident

to

have

his leg

When the

doctor

the

wound,

however,

he

decided

the

leg

could

be

saved.

The

operation

was

a success,

but the

patient

had an

adverse

reaction

to

the

post-op medication

he

was being

,

and

his

wound

got

infected

as

a

result.

The

doctor

immediately

the

course

of

antibiotics

the

Patient

had been

on,

and

the

wound

was

promptly.

A

routine

blood test

in

the

lab

then

resulted

in

a

very

disturbing

discovery

- the

Patient

was

a

carrier

of

the

AIDS virus,

unbeknownst

to

himself.

The

doctor

was

forced

to

the

bad

news

to

the

patient,

who

had

to

be

on

learning

of the

revelation,

such

was

his

state

of

shock.

(a)

Column

A

contoins

verbs

which collocate

strongly

with

nouns

in

Column

B.

Decide

which

verb

goes

with

which noun

Medical

and

Health

lssues

Odd

One

Out

(a)

For

eoch

of

the

following,

I

l.

(a)

aching

2.

(a)

scalpel

3.

(a)

break

4.

(a)

sling

5.

(a)

stretcher

6.

(a)

blister

7.

(a)

coherent

8.

(a)

vomit

9.

(a)

constipation

10.

(a)

contagious

I

l.

(a)

recuperating

12.

(a)

coroner

-

12,

identify

and

circle

the

odd

one

out.

(b)

bleeding

(b) probe

(b)

crack

(b)

splint

(b)

crutch

(b)

fever

(b)

responsive

(b) perspiration

(b)

indigestion

(b)

congenital

(b)

terminal

(b)

doner

(c)

throbbing

(c)

forceps

(c)

fracture

(c)

syringe

(c)

drip

(c)

rash

(c)

conscious

(c) phlegm

(c)

meningitis

(c)

hereditarT

(c)

lethal

(c)

consultant

(d)

nagging

(d)

bandage

(d)

wound

(d)

brace

(d)

wheelchair

(d)

spot

(d)

comatose

(d)

pus

(d)

diarrhoea

(d) genetic

(d)

fatal

(d)

physician

tv

v

(b)

Next,

using

one

word

from

the

options,

o

-

d,

for

eoch

question,

I

-

12,

above,

fill

in

the

gops

in

I

-

Xll

below. For

Question

I

below,

you

will

find

the

right onswer-option

by reviewing

o

-

d

in

the

corresponding

question

(Question

l)

obove, ond

so

on.

I

The patient

is

profusely

from

a

wound

to

the lower

abdomen. He

needs

to

get

to

hospital immediately.

ll

Using

his

trusty

,

the dentist

carefully

extracted the

tooth.

lll

Although

incredibly

painful,

it

proved

to

be

little

more

than

a

hairline

healed

up

within two to

three

weeks

by

itself.

,

which would

almost

certainly

have

He

needed

to

wear

a

to

support

his

back,

which

had

been

giving him

trouble

for

some

time.

Why they brought out

the

is

quite

simply beyond me.

The

striker

was back up

on

his

feet

in

next-to-no-

time

and scored

a

goal

barely

five

minutes

later.

Vl

Don't

even

think about

bursting

that

-

what

a

disgusting

thing

to

do.

Vll

By

midnight

and

not

having had

any coffee

for

five hours,

I

was

virtually

but still

had

more

work to

do before

I

could call

it

a day.

Vlll

I

became

more

alarmed

when

I

started

to

cough up

blood

in my

lX

Despite

being

little

more

than

an

inconvenience

which requires

a

few

impromptu

toilet

visits

in

this

part

of

the

world, it

remains

a

serious

killer

in

poorer

countries.

The

area

was

cordoned off

in

the interest of

safety

until

such

time

as

it was established

that the

disease

was

not

The

deceased had ingested

a

dose

of

pain

killers.

You need

to

register

as a

if

you

want

your

organs

to

be made

available

to those

in need upon

your

death.

x

xt

xil

Fifty:

Fifty

For

eoch

question,

chose

the correct

word

to

ftll

the

gop

from

the

two

options given.

l.

I

think you

are at

the

wrong

registration

desk;

this

is

for

those staying

in

the

hospital

overnightaftersurgeryformonitoring,butyouarean-.

2.

I have

suffered

on-and-off

with

the

problem

very

occasionally

for

20

years,

but

it

hasn't

been a(n)

_

complaint until now -

it

used

to

go

away in

a

matter of

days.

3.

The

_

is

ther6

to

support

your

arm

in

the

horizontal

position

temporafr

un?ii

you get

it

set in

piaster.-

4.

The

_

or

'fits'

as

my

doctor terms them

are apparently

a

symptom

of

the

b-rain

tumour

and

will

only

get

worse

as

time

goes

on.

5.

Please

tell

me

the

is

good -

I'm not

ready

to

die.

Thegoodnewsisit's-;thebadnewsisitsinapartofthebody

which

is

inoperable.

All they

can

do, they

said,

is

help me

manage

the

side-effects

Mygrandmotherhassenile-,soit'snotlikeitusedtobearound

her -

she barely resembles

the person

I

remember

from

my

childhood.

7.

outpatient

/

inpatient

chronic

/

acute

cast

/

sling

spasms

/

seizures

prognosis

/

diagnosis

malign

/

benign

dementia

/

amnesia

Marketing

and

Advertising

(a)

ldentifu

the

verb-noun

collocotions

by

motching

the

verbs

in

Column A

to

the

phrase-endings

in

Column

B.

TUEETilTEtri

(i)

a

marketing

campaign

(ii)

up

interest

(iii)

brand

awareness

(iv)

a niche

(v)

a

product

(vi)

the viewer's

attention

(vii)

a

press

release

(viii)

the

market

(ix)

market

research

(x) your

brand

(xi)

goodwill

(b)

mass

marketing

(c)

subliminal

messages

(d)

negative

publicity

(e)

generic

advertising

(f)

prime

time

(g)

brand

recognition

(h)

the

classifieds

(i)

the

watershed

(j)

billboard

/

hoarding

(k)

jingle

(l)

logo

(a)

drum

(b)

plug

(c)

launch

(d)

target

(e)

catch

(Q

corner

(g)

create

(h)

issue

(i)

reinvent

fi)

carry

out

(k)

generate

(a)

cold

calling

(i)

the

point

in

time

in

the

day

after

which adult-content

programmes

can be

aired

(ii)

the

period

of

the

day

when the

most viewers/listeners

are

tuning

in

(iii)

public

exposure

of

your

brand

or

company

that

is

harmful

(iv)

ringing someone on

the

telephone

without

invitation

to

(v)

targeting the

whole market

in

your

advertising

campaign

(vi)

information

delivered

to

your

subconscious

(vii)

promoting

not

a

single

brand but

a

category

or

class

of

product

(viii)

the

specific

pages

of

a

newspaper

or

magazine

arranged

in categories

that

feature advertisements

and

jobs

(ix)

how well

your

brand

is

known

in

the

target

market and beyond

(x)

a

short

catchy

tune or

song used in

a

commercial

(xi)

a

well-known

phrase

associated

with

an

ad

/

person

(xii)

a

selection

of

people

brought together whose

responses

to

certain things are studied

in

the

hope

that

this

will

give

an

insight

into

general

market

feeling

(xiii)

a

symbol

or

design

that

identifies

a

product

(m)

slogan

/

catchphrase

I

(n)

focus

group

(xiv)

a

large

outdoor

advertising

sign

I

(c)

Use

o se/ection

of

the

wordslphroses

in

Column

A

above

to

complete

sentences

I

-

I2

below.

You

will not

need

to

use

oll the

wordslphroses

in

Column

A,

and

you

should

not

use

ony wordlphrose

more

than

once.

I

found

a

iob

that

might

be

of interest

to

you

in

under'Teaching

Posts'.

They allow

graphic

imagery

like

that

to

be

shown after

has

become

a

product

in its

own

right;

so

catchy

is

it

that

it

has

entered

the

Billboard

Top

100.

MacDonald's scores

very

highly

in

the

stakes;

it

is

one of

the

best-known

in

existence.

advertising

slots are always

more

expensive

on account of

the

number of

people

tuning

in.

lthinkcompaniesthatengagein-aredoingthemselvesmoreharmthangood;afterall,whowantstohaveto

answer

the

phone

to

unsolicited

callers?

gave

us

surprising feedback

which

may

prompt

us

to

rethink

our market-entry

strategy

and

product

positioning.

The

lrish

Tourism

Board

has

begun

a

€2O-million

campaign

on

behalf

of

the hospitality

industry.

The unpopular

artist

craved

attention, but

not the type

of

she

got

when

it

was

revealed

that

she

was

a

tax

dodger.

Their

has

undergone

a

redesign

to

make

it

more distinctive

and memorable

to

behold.

It

is

claimed

that

the

new

army

ad

campaign

is

sending

to

young people encouraging

them

to

ioin

up.

The

became

so

well-known

that

even now,

ten

years

on,

it

is

more

strongly associated

with

the

brand

than

anything

tEE/ve

used

since.

As

a

result,

they

are

considering

using

it

again

as

the

caption

for

some

of

their

printed

adverts.

t.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

t0.

lt.

12.

The

(b)

Motch

eoch

wordlphrose

in

Column

A

to

the

correct definition

in

Column

B.

The

Cntedainment

lndustrg

and

the Mass

Media

(d)

Change the

form

of

the

word

in

square

brockets

so

that

it

correctly

f;ts

the

gop

in eoch

cose.

The

l.

[rate]

are

down

slightly

on

this

time

last

year,

but then that

may

be explained by

a

general

downward trend

innumberstuningin.ourkey2.-[demography]remainsmiddle-agedmen,whoaccountforalmost75o/oofour

[viewer].

There

has

been some

success

in

4.

[penetrate]

new

markets,

and

the show

is

now

on

terrestrial television

in

over

20

different countries,

as

well

as

5.

_

[subscribe]

satellite channels

in

another

5.

As

for

theoffshoot6.-[merchant],itissellingwellinshops,helpedinnosmallwaybythedeliberate7.

[place]

of

products

in

scenes in

each episode of

the

show.

3.

(e)

Select

one

word

from

the box

to

fit

in

eoch

gop

in

sentences

l

-

1

4.

cash

cow

target

market

agency

buzzword

press

circulation

trade

magazine

soundbites

tabloid

infomercial

pitch

direct

mail

market

share

spot

spread

The

latest

edition

of

the

magazine

is

already

in

ThelPadhasbecomea(n)-forApple,bringinginasteadystreamofrevenue.

Know

your

-

who

is

this

product

for?

There

is

no

pioint

taking

our

planning

of the

campaign

any

further

be

fore

you

have

established

at

least

this.

It's a(n)

t.

2.

3.

4.

5.

9.

t0.

il.

t2.

t3.

in

which

you'll

find

articles and advertisements

related

to

civil engineering.

We

receive so

much

from

these

ad agencies

it's ridiculous. Do

they

really

expect

us

to

read

any

of

this

unsolicited

nonsense

th-lT6ilEfihrough

our

letterbox?

6.

Your

was

relatively

effective;

you

spoke clearly

and

got your

message across

well,

and,

personally,

I

found

your

argu

m-EniEEEf

convi

nci

n

g.

7.Alll'vebeenhearingontheradiothismorningis-frompoliticalstatementsmadebythecandidates;lcan'twait

until

this election

is

over.

8.

Your

is

still

growing,

but

I

think

you

must

be realistic and

expect the

rate of

growth

to

slacken some

over

the

next

quarter.

I'm

managed

by

a

different

than

before but

Knowles

Vance

still

looks

after my

PR.

'Diversiry'

is

the new

in education.

We'VetakenoutanadvertisementintheDailyTimes-afulltwo-page-.

That's

pure

journalism;

sensationalising

a

story into

a

problem which doesn't

really exist

Refer all inquiries

to our

office;

this

is

now

a

damage-limitation

exercise and

we

need

to

be careful

what we

say.

l4.Thatlastadwasmorelikea(n)-;itmusthavelastedatleastthreeminutes;lthoughttherewasa30-second

limit

per

ln

the

News

(a)

Motch

the

wordslphroses

in

Column

Awith

their

collocotes

in

Column

B.

(a)

independent

(b)

investigative

(c)

in-depth

(d)

rolling

(e)

eyewitness

(f)

headline

(g)

first

(h)

broadsheet

(i)

terrestrial

|

fi)

editorial

(x)

privilege

I

|

(k)

iournalistic

(xi)

television

I

(b)

Which

of

the obove collocotions

meons.'

l.

a

reporter's

right

to

refuse

to

divulge

his

source

2.

constant

updates

on

happenings

in

the

world

3.

when the opinion

of

the

person

in

charge creeps

into

articles

4.

broadcasting

which

does

not

involve satellite transmissions

(i)

edition

(ii)

media

(iii)

journalism

(iv)

news

(v)

news

(vi)

coverage

(vii)

reports

(viii)

newspapers

(ix)

bias

(c)

Se/ect

o verb

from

the box

to

fill

eoch

gop

ond chonge

the tenselform

of

the word

if

necessary

i

nterru

pt

lead

launch

make

cross

chase

issue

X

3

withdraw

verify

go

round

anchor

cause

spoof

cutx2

stream

protect

break

Theywereforcedto-thetransmissionwhenthepresenterstartedmakingdisparagingcommentsabouthis

guest;

it was clear

that the

former

was inebriated.

They

were

forced

to

the

accusation

and

a

full

apology live on

air.

a

rebuttal of the

accusation and denied

any

personal

involvement

with

the

mafia

boss.

The

press

release

was

at

approximately

l2:00

p.m.,

about

half an

hour before

she

was

taken into custody

by

police.

TheBBCjournalistwho-thestoryis-hissourceandrefusingtobedrawnintoconversationonhow

he

came about

the

facts of

the

case.

Meanwhile,

leaders around

the

world

are still

trying

to

absorb this shocking

news

and

decide

how

to

respond.

They-alivebroadcastoftheprogrammeontheinternetforonlineuserstofollow.

Thuy-toacommercialbreakmidwaythroughthereportwhensomeonerealisedthattheyhadbeen

The

story

_

a

sensation

when it broke, but

all

parties implicated

issued

immediate

denials of

their

involvement

in

the cover-up.

the show

for

a

record

30

years

before retiring

last

may.

Therenowfollowsa--upofallthelocalnewsinyourarea.

The

broadcast

out

live

to

an

audience

of

over

170

million

people.

The

substance

of the

story

was

carefully

prior

to

its

release.

He

has

been

this

lead

for

some

time

now, but,

alas,

I

think it

has

finally come

to

a

dead

end.

The

news channel was

amid

much fanfare in

Spring.

We

are

going

to

over

live

now

to our

reporter

on the

ground

in

Zimbabwe.

The

Six

O'Clock

News

with

the story

about

the

man

who

had

faked

his

own

death

as

part

of

a

{2OO-million

tnsurance

scam.

Her

engagement

actually

the

headlines

in

what

can

only

have

been described

as

a

very

slow

day

for

news.

We

this broadcast

to

bring

you

some

breaking news.

Hollywood

and

the

Film

lndustry

(a)

Motch

the words

in

Column A

with

their

strongest collocotes

in

Column

B

He

(b)

release

(c)

movie

(d)

final

(e)

general

(f)

ensemble

(g)

red

(h)

opening

(i)

critical

O

tour

de

force

(k)

leading

(ii)

cut

(iii)

reception

(iv)

cast

(v)

release

(vi)

performance

(vii)

lady

(viii)

night

(ix)

carpet

(x)

date

i)

film

5.

(b)

Use

the

collocotions obove

to

fill

the

gops

in

the

poragroph

below.

His

latest

l.

_

is

going

to

have its

2.

at

the

Cannes Festival

before

going

on

3.

April

3

lst.

The

Cannes' screening

is

sure

to

be

the

most

anticipated

4.

of the

year

to

date.

But

with

the

general

almost

upon

us, fans

of the book

franchise on

which

the movie

is

loosely

based

will

soon

have

their

patience

re-

warded.

The film

features an

6.

which

includes

Brad Pinter, and,

of

course,

Tilly

Scoresty

as

the

7.

The

8.

will

matter

little

in

truth

because fans

will

flock

to

the

cinema

in

their

droves, but,

at any

rate, nothing

less

than

a

9.

is

expected

from

Tilly

if

she

is

on

form.

Tilly

will

be

out

on

the

10.

with

the

rest of the

cast

at Cannes on

Thursday

night

-

and

she'll

have

to

stick

around

a

good

while

longer than

normal

if

the

rumours

about

the

length

ofthe

I

l.

of

the

movie

turn

out

to

be

true.

Ttre

€nteilainment

lndustng

and

the Mass

Media

(c)

Use the

words

from

the

box

below

to

complete

sentences

I

- 20.

Use

eoch word once

only.

screen

test

screenplay

remake

chemistry

stock

protagonist

flop

adaptation

plot

running

time

post-production

extra

sequel

cliffianger

tearjerker

swashbuckler

mainstream

anticlimactic

typecast

method

2.

3.

l.

The

went well

in

so

far

as

she

could

tell,

but then,

for

some reason,

she

didn't

get

the

part;

perhaps

she

iust

wasn-t

righilor

the

role.

With

a

of over

three

hours,

the

movie

tends

to

drag

out

a

bit

in

places.

The

film

was heavily

edited

in

and

this

led

to

a

major falling-out between Mark

Summers,

whose

part

was

practically

erased,

and

John

Eldorf,

the director.

4.

He

began

his

career

as

a

movie

to

one of the

big agencies.

in

the

film

Monk

Blood,

where

he

was

spotted

by

a

talent

scout and signed up

was

not met

with

the

universal

praise

which

greeted

the first installment

in

this

movie franchise.

He

is

a

actor, and he

likes

to

be

'in

character' throughout the entire

filming

process,

which

those

around

him

find

infu-riating

at times.

Youriskbein8-ifyoucontinuetoplaytheroleofthevillaininallyourmovies.

The

ending was

rather

considering

the

fact

that the film

had been so

intense

throughout.

He

turned

his

back on

the

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

t0.

I

l.

The

studios

to

set up

his

own

small

independent

production

company.

This

is a

classic

_

which

leaves

you

sitting

on

the

edge of

your

seat

in

anticipation

until

the

big

reveal at

the

verT

end, and

lookinlErwarclto

what's

to

come

in

the next installment

in

the

series.

It was

a

right

_

;

even

Mark

was

getting

emotional.

12.

I

would

describe

it

as

an

all-action

;

it

is

non-stop

from

start

to

finish and

the

level

of

intensity

never drops.

l3.Apartfromsomeobvious-holes,itwasadecentenoughmovieandwatchingitwasamostenjoyablewayto

14.

t5.

t6.

17.

t8.

t9.

20.

spend

the

evening.

The

screen

of the book did not

live

up

to

expectations.

Fans

were

left

very

disappointed.

Despite

a

very

positive

reception

from

the critics,

the movie

became

a

box-office

bewveen the

two

leading

actors was maruellous

to

behold and

made

the

story

all

the more

believable.

is

an

unlikely hero

in

the

shape

of Mark

Milton,

a shy,

sheepish librarian.

Milly

Rove

is

basically

a

_character;

your

typical

Stepford-Wife type.

It's

a

The

was

a

collaborative

effort

between

Minty

Walsh and

Oxtail Montrath.

lt

was

Montrath

who

had

originally

approactecfstu<fio

bosses

with

a

sort

of vague

outline

of

the

plot

and

a

hastily-prepared

script.

The

on-screen

The

of

a

l92l

film

noir

classic.

(d)

Select on

oppropriate

verb

from

the

box

to

fill

eoch

gop.

You

may

need

to

chonge

the

tense.

stay

inspire

base

pick

adapt

shortlist

cast

I

.

He

a

relative

unknown

in

the

lead

role but

it

proved

to

be

an

inspired decision;

reviews of the actor

John

Mulq-ueen's

performance

were

unanimous

in

their

praise.

'

The movie

is

_

loosely on

a

play

written

by

Cartright, but Cartright

himself had nothing

to

do

with

the film

version

Ueyona,

tnat

ls, Uanking

i

considerable

sum

of

monef

in royalties.

It

was

from the book

of the

same name,

but

the

director

took

some

liberties

in

his

retelling

of

the

story.

My

friends

holes

in

the

plot,

but

I

thought

the

movie was

quite

praiseworthy.

Although

by

true

events,

this

is

a

complete

work

of

fiction

and

the

characters

are

not

based

on

the

real

people

involved

in

the

story.

For

the most

part

this

production

_

true to

the original

1970s

classic,

but it

does

not

come close

to

matching

it

for

sheer

impact

and shock value.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

The film

has

been

for

several awards

but

has

yet

to

win

any.

The

Music

Industry

(a)

Motch

verbs

I

-

l4

with

the

phrase-endings

i-xiv

to

complete

the collocotions.

l.

sign

2.

cover

3.

do

4.

top

5.

go

6.

sell

7.

fiil

8.

lifr

9.

bring

10.

collaborate

I

l.

add

12.

crack

13.

give

44.

mime

i.

the

roof off

ii.

a

stadium

iii.

out

an arena

tour

iv.

the

lyrics

v.

the

charts

vi.

a

signing

at

a music

store

vii.

a

tour

date

viii.

the

house

down

ix.

a

rousing

rendition

x.

with

a

fellow

artist

xi.

the

American

market

xii.

to

a

record

label

xiii.

an

originalsong

xiv.

solo

(b)

Now

use

yerbs

I

-

I4

obove

to

complete

the

sentences which

follow.

You

moy hove

to

chonge

the

tense or

form.

Use

eoch

word

once

only.

l.H"-arecorddealreputedtobeworthfl0million.

2.The-artwasdesignedbyhiswife,whoisawell-knownandmoderatelysuccessfulartistinherownright.

3.

The

audience

felt

short-changed

when

she

_

her

latest release;

they

had

come

to

see

her

perform

live.

4,Shu-theperformanceofalifetimeattheGrammyAwardsceremony.

5.

He

started

out

gigs

in

his

local

pub,

but

after

being

spotted

by

a

talent scout

he

was approached by one

of the

largest

record

la-bels

in

the

country.

6. He

under the

pressure

of

constant

media

attention;

he

just

wasn't

meant

for

life

in

the

limelight.

7. She

with

several artists

on

her

latest

album, but this

has

failed

to

impress

the critics

who

have

been scathing

in

their

reviewr

8.Hissong.Sally-Anne'isstill-inalotofrevenuefromroyaltiessometwenty-threeyearsafteritwasfirstreleased.

9

,

Demand

for

her

latest album

is

not

going

to

match

that which there

was

for

'Ondine',

her debut offering

-

at

least,

that's

assumingthefirst-week-figuresareanythingtogoby.

10.

He

has

playing

the

guitar

to

his

impressive

repertoire

of

musical talents.

I

l.

lt

had been hoped

that

her

debut

single

would

reach

the

spot, but

she

should be

pleased

with

position

two

in

the

charts at any rate.

12.

The

troubled

musician received

a

_on

learning

of

her song's

reentry

into

the

charts.

l3.Hernew-foundpopularityinsuredthatshewasableto-the20,000-seatvenuetocapacity.

14.

He

on

to

record

a

further

nine albums

in

what

can

only

be described

as a

stellar career.

(c)

Select o word

from

the

box

to

fill

eoch

gop

in

the

extroct.

Use eoch

word

once

only.

You

will not

hove

to

chonge the

form

of

the word.

supporting

tune

demo

playlist

key

ballads

flat

posthumous

range

l.

She

received

a

award

for

her contribution

to

music.

Her

son accepted

it

on

behalf

of

his

mother, who, though

now

deceasea,

witt

surety

tVe

on

in

our

memory

for

a

very

long

time

to

come.

2.Heis-MexirodontheirtourofCanadathisautumn.

3.

lf

you

think

you

have

what

it takes, send me

in

your

tape and

I

promise

I

will

have a

listen.

4.

The

band became

known

for

its

trademark

power

5.

The

D.J.

invited

listeners

to

call

in

with their

suggestions

for the

6.

The

iudge

on

the talent show

accused

the

band of

singing

out

of

_

and

murdering

the

lyrics

of

a

perfectly good

song.

7.

He

had a

lovely

tone

in

his

singing

voice

but

his

_

was

very limited

and

he

simply

could not

reach

the

high notes.

8.Youwerenotsingingin-;infact,yourvoicesoundedquite-.l'mafraidwewillnotbePuttingyou

through

to

the next round

on

this

occasion, but thank

you

for

auditioning.

Ttre Cntedainment

lndustng

and

the Mass

Media

(d)

Motch

I

-

8 with

the strongest

collocotions

from

i

-

viii

l.

The

film

has

thus

far met

with

almost

universal

director

Cloud

Bond's

finest

moment.

i.

listening

ii.

act

iii.

album

iv.

music

Y.

manager

vi.

contract

vii.

band

viii.

agent

,

with

many describing

it

as

a

modern-day

masterpiece

and

l.

house

2.

indie

3.

easy

4.

booking

5.

recording

6.

studio

7.

road

8.

supporting

(e)

Now

use

the

completed

phroses

from

(d)

to

ftll

in

the

blonks

below.

Use

eoch

phrase

once

only.

They

were

a

top

draw

for

this

pub

for

many

years,

so

it

seemed

a

no-brainer

to

make

them

the

official

was, in

my

opinion,

actually

more

entertaining

than

the

headline

band.

Theseguysare8reat;lcan'twaituntiltheirfirst-isreleasednextweekend.

What

they

play

is

more

than mainstream

pop.

Even

so,

they've built

up

a

large

fan

base.

He's

the

king

of

The

t.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

The

;

I

can't

think

of

any

artist

I'd

chose

over him if

I

iust

want

to

put

my

feet

up

and

unwind.

has

got

us an

extra

gig

on

Sunday

on

account

of how well the

last

one

went

down.

As

-s

go,

she's

right

up

there

with

the

best

of them;

she makes sure

everything

runs

smoothly but

you'd

hardly

even

know

she

was

there

from

beginning

to

end

of tour.

8.

They've

somehow

bagged

a

million-dollar

-

with

Sony,

despite

the

fact

that

they

have

yet

to

even

have

a

top-ten

hit.

The

Critics

and

Reviews

(a)

Chose

an

oppropriote

word

from

the

box

to

complete eoch

gap.

Use

eoch

word

once

only.

2.

The

that surrounded

the

launch

of Mile

Down

is

about the

best thing

this

film

ever

had

going

for it

-

this

is

a

ttuly

-

dramatization

of one

of

the most

significant

moment's

in

our

nation's history.

3.Thisisaessentiallytwostoriesexpertlybytheauthorintooneutterly-novel.

4.

as

one of

the most

successful

remakes

in

cinematic

history

fans

of

the

original

will

love

this film

as

director

\

/il-iFeirn Nl,ording

has

stayed

true to

the story

here

on almost

every

p<issible

level whilE

somehow

creating

somethint

refreshingly

original and new.

5.

I

would

go

along

with

the

on

this

one;

while

Yardie

has

punched

above

its

weight

at

the box office

and

supplan_ted

Maori

Wave

in

the number-one position,

it

is

at

best

lightweight

and mediocre,

ind

the

director

has

played

it

very

safe

here.

6.Thismoviesteamsalongata-pace.ltisfullof-andthedirectorproducessometrulyintense,

edge-of-seat

moments

in

the-lead

up

to

and

during the

big-

.

7.

Stevens

is

_

as

an

actor

in

his

generation,

and

only

he

could

have

delivered the

of

th

i

s

partTEf

ii-p

rotago

n

i

st

d

e

man

d

s.

performance

the role

Both

the

leading

actor

and

director

have

received

praise

for

their

parts

in

this

production,

praise

which

this

critic

believes

is

entirely

justified,

for it

is

rare indeed

for

two

artists

at

their

peak

to

_

one

another's

gifts

so

brilliantly.

While

hardly

in

the

sense

that it

sticks

to tried

and

tested

special

effects methods, this

film

is

technically

brilliant

and

possessed

of

an

feel

of which

so many

of

its

recent

cinematic

counterparts

have been

bereft.

10.

The

plot

is

largely

and

there

is

moretalent

in

my

rightthumbthan

is

possessed

bythe

entire,

9.

lauded

interwoven

consensus

authentic

ensemble

incoherent

compelling

hype

acclaim

amplify

abysmal

unanimous

frenetic

virtuoso

unparalleled

groundbreaking

finale

suspense

makes

up

this sorry

cast.

that

(b)

Choose

a verb

from

the box

to

fill

eoch

blank.

Use

eoch

verb

once

only.

You

moy

need

to

chonge

the

tense

or

form.

come

deliver

convey

promise

tackle

delve

scratch

trivialise

evoke

miss

rave

Most critics

have

about

this

movie.

I

must

admit

to

having

been

left somewhat

disappointingly

under-

whelmed,

however, and

feeling

as

if

this

verT

complex

sublect

has

but

barely

had its surface

in

Abdominol

Poin. I

mean,

the

issue

of

teen

suicide

is

avery

serious,

important

and

current

one,

so

it

is

admirable

that the

fllmmakers

have

tried

to

it,

but,

in

doing

so,

they

have

little

into the

underlying

causes

of the

problem,

which

is

a

_opportuniry

I

feel.

Abdomicol

Poin

much

but

little,

I'm

afraid.

The

sense

of

desperation

teens struggling

with

their

identity

and

having

no one

to

turn to

must

feel

is

not

really

here.

And while the

director

does succeed

in

a

certain

sympathy

in

the

audience

for

the

lead

character,

Rory Mole,

a

terrible

depressed

and

lonely

lS-year-old

suffering

from

undiagnosed

bi-polar

disorder,

his

plight

is

and

there

is

an

almost

comedic

element

to

his

what

should

be

tragic

story.

Mike

Clough

h"t

-

,p

short here

in

his

directorial

debut,

and

he

will

do

well

to

recover

from this

big-screen

disappointment.

(c)

Use the

clue-

or

stem-word

to

creote

an

odjective

to

describe

o

novel

or

ospect

thereof,

as

in the

exomple

below.

l.

a

(nail)

finale

tale

3.

an

(enigma)

character

2.

a

(harrow)

6.

a

(buoy)

4.

an

(toxic)

5.

a

(viscera)

exPenence

hatred

ending

and

bold

critique

story

and

shallow

effort

7.

an

(apology)

8.

an

(engage)

9.

a

(pretend)

10.

a

(fresh)

honesty

(d)

Use

the

onswers

from

(c)

obove

to

fttl

in

the

gops

in the

sentences

below.

Use

eoch

word once

only.

l.

lt

is

to

see

how frank the

author

is in

this

biography,

and

his

honesty

is

all

the

more

laudable on

account

of

it

beingl-is

own

rnemoirs

that

he

is

penning here.

2.

Hume

adopts

a

tried

and

tested

formula

in

his

new rom-com,

and

is

about

doing

so.

3.

The

prospect of

having

to

relive

her

ordeal

in

the

courtroom

does

not deter

our

heroine.

4.

One

leaves

the theatre

feeling

decidedly

after

this

feel-good

play.

5.

lt

is an

_

combination

of

intensity

and

passion

that

has

the

viewer

raPt

throughout

and

yearning

for

more

at

the

end.

6.Theaudienceisontheedgeofitscollectiveseatdurin8this-climax'andthereisadelightfultwistinthevery

last scene

to

surprise

and even shock

you.

7.

He

doesn't

pull

off

sophisticated,

which

appears

to

have been

the

aim

here,

but

simply

comes

across

as

8.Josephisafascinatingand-creature.ohtogetinsidetheheadofourhero!But,alas,theauthorgivesus.only

iheoccasionaltantalisingpeat<in-tonisthoughtProcessindweareleftpiningforthesequeltofindoutmoreaboutthis

curious

and

oddly

endearing

fellow.

9.

The

idea

of

Nell

Burges

and

Ed Reeves

acting alongside

one

another

again

is

an

-

thought.

10.

His approach

to writing

is

-

rather

than

intellectual.

(e)

Find

the

eight

synonyms

of

VERY

TNTERESTTNG

and

the

eight

synonyms

of

BORING

ond

group

them

below

dull

vapid

riveting

prosaic

spellbinding

wearisome

enthralling

insipid

bromidic

absorbing

enrapturing

pedestrian

captivating

gripping

fascinating

lustreless

Ttre Cntedainment

lndustng

and

the

Mass

Media

Television,

Radio

and

the lnternet

(a)

For

eoch word below,

find

the

three

strongest

collocations

from

the

box.

Some

of

the words

in

the box moy

fit

in more

than

one

gop,

but

there

will

only be

one

onswer

which will

enoble

you

to

complete

the

exercise and

fill

in

oll

the

gops

correctly.

pay-per-vrew

broadband

hopping

cable

firewall

anti-virus

social

premiere

prime-time

upgrade

open

source

server

wireless

broadcast

bluetooth

reality

search

engine

studio

channel

channel

channel

internet

internet

internet

software

software

software

(b)

Choose

o

word

from

the box

to

fill

eoch

gop.

Use eoch

word

once

only.

2.

t.

4.

3.

6.

5.

network

connection

connection

connection

network

network

television

television

television

netizen(s)

stock(s)

picking(s)

commercial(s)

infomercial(s)

watershed(s)

terminal(s)

terrestrial(s)

The

standard

of television programming produced

in

this

country

is in

decline.

The

has

be-

come

a meaningless

term

confined

in its applicability

to

bygone

days

when

adult

content

felt

the

full

force of

censor-

ship and was

not allowed

to

appear on

the box until after

9:00

p.m.

Nowadays, however,

it

seems

anything

goes

any

time. And,

truth

told,

whatever

anything

is,

it seldom

'goes'

for

much longer than

a

half

hour

or

so

at any

rate before

it

is

interrupted

by

a

break.

And don't

even

get

me

started

on those

appalling

most

of

the

networks run right

the

way

through the

night,

one

after

another,

for

up

to

thirty

minutes

at

a

time.

lt

is

truly

painful.

television

is

now,

as

far

as I

am

concerned,

a

laughing

.

All the

quality

has

been

bought

up

by

the satellite networks,

with their

big-money

weight

behind

them, but

even here

is/are

slim.

ln

protest

at

the dire

state

ofthings,

I

have

become

a

converted

.

I

look

to the

web

now

to

find

good

con-

tent. There,

I

can

find

iust

enough

re-runs of

quality

programmes

to

prevent

myself

from

falling

into

utter

despair

and

pining

for

the

good

old

days

of

yesteryear.

(c)

Choose

o

suitoble verb

to

fill

eoch

gop.

You

ore

not

given

ony optionslclues

While

the

internet

l.

up

a

whole

new

world

of

knowledge

and

information for

this

and

future

generations

to

explore,

it

also

2.

a

number of

serious

concerns

for

parents

with

young,

net-sawy

children. For

starters,

it

is

exceptionally difficult

to

3.

your

children's

net activity

and

4.

abreast

of

whom

they

are

interactingwith

online.

Secondly,

there

is

little

if

anycensorship

of the internet,

so

parents

must

be

5.

to

do

the

censoring themselves

or

6.

on

software

products

to

do

it for

them.

Even

still,

there

are

ways around

the best-intentioned

of

such

programmes,

and,

besides,

the

alarming level of

growth

in

cyber-bullying

is

in-

dicative

of

a

trend

parents

should, perhaps,

be

far more concerned about.

lt

used

to

be

that children

were

from the

bullies one

they

8.

to

the

safe

confines of

their

home,

having

escaped

their

schoolyard

tormentors,

but not

anymore.

There

is

nowhere

to

9.

thanks

to

social newvorks

like

Facebook,

which,

if anything, make

the

10.

given

the

virulent

nature

of the internet.

far

and

wide of

malicious

rumours

and

the

like

easier than

ever before

The

Developing

World

and Global

Warming

(a)

First,

complete

the

collocotions

by

motching up

the

partial

phroses

in

Column A with

their complements

in

Column

B.

Where in

doubt,

select

the

strongest collocotion.

(a)

two-tiered

(b)

resource-rich

(i)

countries

(ii)

diamonds

(iii)

a

blind

eye

(iv)

administrations

(v)

some

restraint

(vi)

populous

(vii)

the

finger

at

(viii)

good

(ix)

of funds

(x)

the

financial rewards

(xi)

footprint

(xii)

protection

(xiii)

the

fruits

(c)

the

general

(d)

injection

(e)

blood

(f)

corrupt

(g)

turning

(h)

the

greater

(i)

point

O

show

(k)

carbon

(l)

reaped

(m)

environmental

n

(b)

Now,

use

the

completed

collocotions

to

fill

in

gops

I

-

15

below.

There

ore

l5

gops

and

14

collocotions

so

you

will

need

to

use

one

collocotion twice.

You

will not

need

to

chonge

the

word

forms.

Weliveinal.-today,ofthistherecanbenodoubt.AndneveristhatmoreaPParentthanwhenwecompare

industrialisednationswiththedevelopingworld.Callitthe2.-global-then,ifyouwill.lnessence,we

have a

situation

now

where,

ironically,

the

3.

of

Africa

are

the

most impoverished.

They,

it

seems,

are

the victims

of

mass

exploitation

by

the West. Only

recently, some

of the

travesties

caused

by

Western

greed and materialism

were

exposed,

such

as

the lucrative underground

trade

in so-called

4.

.

But

it

doesn't end

there.

What we

all

too

often

see

is

Western

nations

doing

slightly

shady deals

with

5.

in

the impoverished

regions

of the

world

and simply

,

knowing

full

well that

the

proceeds

of

such

deals

will

be siphoned

off

into

Swiss

bank accounts

while

the

ordinary

people

on

the

ground

continue

to

endure

deplorable

living

conditions

and constant suffering

never

to

benefit

from

this

potentially

life-saving

7.

.

By

continuing

to

trade

with

and

support

corrupt

governments,

the

West

is

giving

its

tacit

approval

to

what

is

going

on.

lt

is,

essentially,

condoning

the

gross

exploitation of

8.

America

by

an

elite

few

in

power.

of

Africa

and

parts

of

Latin

And

as

it

contributes

to their

suffering,

the West

also

has

the

audacity

to

demand

these

impoverished

nations'

complicity when

it

comes

to

solving

the

Global

Warming

crisis;

it

expects

them

to

lower

their

9.

and

limit the extent

of

their

industrial

progress

for

10.

.

This

is

more

than

a

little

rich

coming

from

those

whose

harmful

activities

and

recklessness

it

was

caused

this

environmental

crisis

in

the

first

place.

lt

is

more

than

a

little

hypocritical for the

industrialised

world

to ll.

less-developed

countries

now

and demand

that

they

12.

and

develop

an

environmental

conscience.

The

West

has

already

13.

we

to

ask

others

to

suffer

while

we

continue

to

14.

of

its

exploitation of

Mother

Earth,

so

what

right

have

of

their

cheap

labour and

our

industrial superiority?

We

have no

right whatsoever

to

ask

this

sacrifice

of them;

they

are

as

deserving

of

a

better future

as

we

are, and

if

we

genuinely

expect them to

give

up

their

push

for

progress

on

an

industrial

level

in

the

name

of

15.

,

then

we

must

compen-

sate

them

fairly

for their

loss

-

and

not

simply

by

transferring

money

to

the rich

and

powerful,

but

by

ensuring

that

financial

aid

reaches

every

man,

woman

and child

who

desperately

needs

it.

(c)

ln

the context

of

the obove

text

(b)

,

ftnd

o

phrose

thot

meons the

following

l.

silent and

unofficial

but

clear

endorsement

of

something

2.

transactions

that

probably

have a

less

than

honest

worthy/purPose

€nvinonmental

lssues

and

the

Natunal

Wonld

Environmental

lssues

in

the

Developing

World

(a)

Use

one word

from

the

box to

fill

each

gap,

I

-

I

8.

You

should

not

need

to

chonge the

form

of

the

correct word.

Use eoch word

once

only.

ca

pita

I

trigger

scream

disregard

scorn

executioner

face

ru

ng

trophy

lucrative

ha

bitats

limbs

tusks

plains

trinkets

premrum

poaching

verge

It

is

hardly surprising,

in light

of

their

desperation,

that the

peoples

of the

developing

world

who

are on

the very

bottom

|.-oftheladderhavelittletimefortheconservationistsandenvironmentalistswho2.-bloodymurder

at

what

they

perceive

to

be

a

total

3.

for

the environment

in some

parts

of the

"Third

World".

And while they

-

the

naturecamPaigners,thatis-have,onthe4.-ofit,averyvalidpoint_afterall,serious,and,insomecases'

irrevocable,

harm

has

been

done

to

many

precious

5.

and

the rare

creatures

that

inhabit

same

-

we

must

understand

that the

rules

of

supply

and demand are in

play

here

in

the

developing

world

just

as

much

as

anywhere

else.

For

example,ontheAfrican6.-,where7.-isstillrife,andinthemountainforestswhereroguehunters

Patrol,

ask

yourself

this;

would they

bother

if

there wasn't

a

market

for

their

kill?

Believe me,

for

every

bull elephant slaughtered

for

its

ivory

8.

,thereisarich,greedy,fat-catcollectorreadytoPaya9.-toacquirethis.find'_infact,

thereareprobablytenofthem.Similarly,foreverymountaingorillamurdered,whosedismemberedl0.-appearin

tourist

outlets

as

so-called

'ornaments'

-

ashtrays and

jewellery

boxes,

if

you

don't

mind

-

there

has

to

be

a

willing

buyer;

an

admirer

of

these

grotesque

I

l.

.

And

there are

plenty

of

them it

turns

out.

lt's the

same

principle

with

rare

animal

furs

and

skins;

who

do

you

think

buys

the crocodilian

handbag?

I

doubt the

local

tribespeople

could afford the

price

tag,

don't

you?

lt

is

an

absolute tragedy

that

endangered

species

of

animals

are

being

hunted

to

the

12.

of extinction,

of

this

there

can be no

doubt.

But

we

must

try

to

understand

the

reasons

why this

is

happening.

The realiry

is

that

poaching

will

continue while

it

is

a

13.

occupation

and

while the

prospects

of

finding

other

forms of employment

are

very

poor.

Developing

nations

need

our

help,

not

our

14.

. Save

that

for

the

few

unscrupulous

I

5.

hunters

still

out

there; rich, spoilt,

despicable

Western

brats

who

get

a

kick

out of

taking aim

at some

of the

world's

most

precious

and

endangered species;

it

is

a

good

thing

for

them

that

we

live in

a

civilised

world

where the death

penalty

has,

by and large, been

removed

from

the

list

of

possible

punishments

our courts

can hand

down. That

said, since

they

have made

themselves

judge,

jury

and

16.

fortheinnocentcreaturestheyhaveslain,perhapsnothinglessthana.7.-sentence

wouldbegoodenoughforthesel8.-happydelinquents.

(b)

ln

the

context

ofthe

above

text (o),

find

o

phrose

thot

meons the

following:

l.

spend

more

than

the market

value

2.

on

first

examination/as

it

first

appears

3.

damage/hurt from

which

there

is

no

possibility

of

recovery

4.

about

to

die

out completely

5.

a

person

who

kills

game

purely

for

their

own entertainment

6.

enjoys

using

their

weapon

a

lot

7.

in charge

of

every

decision made in

an

unfair

process

8.

complain bitterly

and

forcefully

9.

at

the

lowest

level

of

pay

or

status

(c)

Use the words

in

the

box,

which

are

olso

found

in

Text

(o),

to

fill

the

gops

in

the

text

below.

Refer

to

lext (o) to

get

o

sense

of meaning

in context

if

necessary.

Use eoch word once

only.

Plurolise

if

necessary.

scorn

rife

delinquent

slain

t.

He

poured

on

the

idea

that employing

poachers

as

park

wardens might

actually help alleviate

the

problem,

and

yet

it

seems

the initiative

has

worked

very well.

Given

an

alternative

form

of employment,

the

poachers

have

excelled

in

their

new, legitimate

work,

and

are now

doing

a

lot

of

good.

Theyburiedthe-inalargepit;thestenchofrottingcorPseswasfoul.

Corruption.is

in

the current administration

and

young people

are beginning

to

lose

faith

in

their

elected

repres'entativeTancl

tfe

political

system

:rs

a

consequence.

These-aregoodfornothing;theyareinandoutofiailalmostasahobby.

2.

3.

4.

Environmental

lssues

in

the

Developing

World

2

(a)

fhe

words

in the

box can

be

used

to

fill

gops

I

-

15. However,

in

mony

coses,

you

will

either

have

to

chonge the

form

or

the

tense. Use each

word

once

only.

cede

motivate

catch

up

contribute

expand

compel

compromise

nullify

flatten

stampede

win

out

diminish

prowl

push

out

encroach

claim

While

there

will

olways

be

o

minority

of

poochers

l.

_

by

their

innote cruelty

and

greed,

it

is

probobly

foir

to

soy

thot

the

vost

majority

are

2.

in

this

av,,ful

octivity

out

of economic necessity. Similorly,

in

developing

countries

where

overpopulation

is

becoming increosingly

problematic,

ond

os

communities

3.

further

ond

further

into the

wilderness

to

ftnd

aplocetolive,theyare4.-onthehobitotofwiIdonddongerousonimoIsmoreondmore.Thereisboundtobeincreased

contoct

between

ond

conflict

with

naturol

predotors

ond

wild

onimols

that

would not

otherwise be

in

the

|ine

of

fire,

ond

this is

onother

couse

of

their

5.

numbers.

When

it

is

o

straight

choice

between

survivol ond

on

environmentol

conscience, the

former

6,-everytime,ondinstinctoswellostheirsenseofresponsibilitytotheirfomilieswiIlcompelformersandcommunity

leoderstohuntandkilldongerouspredotors7.-aroundtheirviIlogesinthenight,andherdsofelephontscopobIeof

their

woy

through

ond

9,

whole

towns.

Moreover, many

of

these

communities

leod

on

agrarion

lifestyle,

ond when

their

livestock

-

ond

so,

by implicotion,

their

livelihood

-

is

threotened

by

predation,

this

will

olso

inevitobly

lO.

them to oct

to

I

l.

the

threot.

And

there

are

other

considerotions,

too:

after

oll,

livestock needs o

place

to

groze ond

lond

is

olso

required

for

the

cultivotion

of

crops.

And

with

an ever-exponding

number

of

mouths

to

feed,

the only

/ogicol

so/ution

is

to

l2.-moreofthelondforogriculturalpUrposes.rhisleodstotreesbeingcutdown,andl3.

the stobility

of

thesoi/.PreciousnutrientsorequickIywoshedawayandthelondbecomesmoreondmorearid,|4.-toonotherofthe

dongerouscIimote-reIotedphenomeno:thotofdesertification.Indeed'deforestotionandthel5.-ofthedesertsgohond-

in-hond.

Noto/one

orefarmerscloimingmoreof thelondfor

themselvesthen,

vostswothes

of

hobitotorebeingl6.

to

the ad-

voncing

desert.

For

mony

wild

onimols,

their

entire

ecosystem

is being

destroyed,

putting

their

long-term

survivol

in extreme doubt.

(b)

Motch

the

words

in

Column

A

token

from

Text

(o)

obove

with

their

definitions

in Column

B.

(a)

innate

(b)

conscience

(c)

agrarian

(d)

cultivation

(e)

arid

(f)

desertification

(g)

deforestation

(h)

swathe

(i)

something

you

are

born

with

(ii)

very

dry

and hostile

to

life

(iii)

a

long

strip

or

large area

(of

land)

(iv)

the drying out

of

land

to

the extent

that

it

becomes

very

arid

(v)

the

felling, burning

or

removal

by

other

means

of very

large numbers

of trees

(vi)

all

the

living

things

in an

area and

how they

interact

(vii)

the

farming of

land

/

preparing

of

land

for

crops

(viii)

of

or

relating

to

agriculture

|

0)

ecosystem

(ix)

the

part

of

you that

iudges

whether

your

actions

are

moral

or

immord

I

(c)

Use the words

from

Column

A

obove

to

complete

these sentences.

|

.

His

_

sense

of empathy

with the

natural

world

saw him champion the

cause

of

the endangered

grey

wolf

population,

despite

how

unpopular

this made him

amongst

the

local

population,

which was

mainly

comprised of

sheep

farmers.

2.

His

guilty

prevented

him

from

granting

planning approval

for the new mall.

lt

would

not only

have been

an

eyesore

but

also

the

death knell

of the

local

snail

population.

is

very

finely balanced and

the

invasion of

this non-marsupial

creature

will

have

a

devastating

effect on

local

wildlife.

of

the

land

brought

them

into direct conflict

with

the

natural

world.

Only,

in

this

case,

the latter

won

out;

eventually,

the

abundance

of

predatory

animals

in

the

area became

too

much

of

a

liability

for

the

locals

to

put

up

with

and

they

left,

surrendering

their

farms back

to

Mother

Nature.

3.

4.

The

€nvironmental

lssues and

the

Natunal

Wonld

7.

of rock the

size

of

a

small

island

split

from

the

mainland

and

fell into the

sea

causing

a

tsunami.

is

one

of

the most

significant

factors

contributing

to

the

global

warming

phenomenon.

Trees

are

nature's

regulator

of carbon

dioxide

levels.

The

depleting

reserye

of trees

in

the

world will

have

far-reaching

consequences.

The

nomadic

tribes

of

the

Sahara

are some

of the

few

peoples

well

positioned

to

cope

with

the problems

which

will

invenitably

arise

as

a

result

of

8.Theyarea(n)-people;theirlivelihoodscentrearoundworkingtheland.

9.

A

massive

land-reclamation

project

is

underway

in

the

southwest

of

Jordan,

where

it

is

hoped

to

stem

the

progress

ofthe

desert

and

indeed

put

it

back

into

retreat.

Environmental

lssues

in

the

Developing

World

3

For

eoch

gop,

choose the

correct

answer

from

options

a

-

d.

Theissuesfo.|.-economiesarealittlemorestraightfordard.Thedesiretobuildonundevelopedlandisnot

2.-outofdesperationornecessity,butisaresultoftherelentlessmarchofProgress'Cheaplabourandarelatively

highly-skilled

workforce

make

these

countries

highly

competitive

and

there

is

a

flood

of inward investment,

particularly

from

3.

looking

to

take

advantage

of the low

wages

before

the

cost and standard

of

living

begin

to

rise.

lt

is

factors

such

as

these

that are

making many

Asian economies

extremely attractive

when viewed

as

investment

opportunities

at

the

moment.

Similarly,

in

Africa,

the relative

4.

of

precious

metals and natural resources

tends

to

attract

a

lot

of

5.-companiesandawholesub-industrydevelopsaroundandiscompletelydependentonthisforeign-direct

investment.

lt

is

understandable

that

countries that

are

the

focus

of

this

sort

of attention

can lose

sight of

the environmental

implications

of

large-scale industrial

development,

and

this

can

have

devastating consequences

for

the

natural

world.

And

it

is

a

6.-cyclebecausethemoreindustriallyactiVeanationbecomes,the8reaterthedemandforandharvestingof

natural resources.

For some,

the environmental

issues,

though they

can

hardly

be

ignored,

are

viewed

as

a

7.

concern.

lndeed,

having an

environmental

conscience

or

taking

environmental

matters into consideration

when it

comes

to

decisionsonwhetherornottobuildrubber-tree8.orgrowbiofuelcropswouldbequite9.-indeed'

For

those involved

in

such

schemes

it

is

a

pretty

black-and-white

issue.

And,

for

vast

10.

of

land

in

Latin

America,

for

example,

it

is

clear

that the

welfare

of

the rainforests matters little

to

local

government

when

vast

sums

of

money

can

be

made

from

cultivating

the

land.

t.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

t0.

(a)

(a)

(a)

(a)

(")

(a)

(a)

(a)

(a)

(a)

emerging

(b)

grown

(b)

multinationals (b)

premonition

(b)

exploitation

(b)

vacuous

(b)

parallel

(b)

plantations

(b)

proscriptive

(b)

regions

(b)

emergent

born

migrants

abundance

exploration

viscous

extrinsic

homesteads

prohibitive

plots

conversent

bred

continentals

amplitude

suryeyance

vexatious

peripheral

ranches

ProsPective

tracts

resurgent

arisen

intercontinentals

accumulation

research

vicious

exponential

holdings

imperative

sectors

(c)

(c)

(.)

(c)

(c)

(c)

(c)

(c)

(c)

(.)

(d)

(d)

(d)

(d)

(d)

(d)

(d)

(d)

(d)

(d)

Abbreviations

Write

the

following

ocronyms ond

moleculor

formulos

out

in

full.

I.

NGO

2.

CO2

3.

CH4

4.

WWF

5.

GM

Food

6.

CFCs

Hint:

on

organisotion

thot

is

independent

of

the

government

Hint:

o

type

of

gos

which

trees absorb

Hint:

o

type

of

gos

cottle

produce

o

lot

of

Hint:

o

leoding

internotionol

noture

organisotion

(pondo

logo)

Hint:

crops

thot

scientists hoye tompered

with

Hint:

produced

by

oerosol

sproys

Observed Global

Climate

Change

The words

in

the

box

con

be

used

to

fill

gaps

I

-

10. However,

in

mony

coses,

you

will

either

have

to

chonge

the

form

or the

tense.

Use

eoch

word

once

only.

concu

r

occu r

onset

alarm

register

intense

local

observe

fluctuate

convince

Thereisnow,byandlarge,l.-amon8scientiststhatGlobalWarmingisreal.Thefactthatanaveragesut{ace

remperature

rise

of approximately

one degree

was

2.

during

the

20th

century

in

addition

to

the

fact

that

the

rate

of

warming3.-inthelatterhalfofsameandwasnearlydoublethatofthefirst50yearsisenoughto4.-

rrostscientists.Climateproxiesalsosuggestthat,withtheexceptionof5.-warmingandcoolingeVentssuchas

Europe'sLittlelceAge,thisisthefirstsignificantandprolongedtemperature6.-inthebestpartof2000yearsona

global level.

Further

evidence

in

suppom

of the warming

hypothesis comes by

way of the

fact

that,

also

during

the

20th

century

a

considerable rise in

sea levels

was 7.

,

and, across

both

hemispheres,

southern

and

northern,

glaciers

went

into

rerreat,

and remain so. Oceanic

warming,

albeit

gradual

up

to

now,

has

also

been

confirmed,

and

the

8.

rate

of

melting

of

polar

ice,

coupled

with

a

general

rise in

humidity

and

the

increasingly early 9.

of

spring

each

year

are

factors

the likelihood of the

simultaneous

coincidental

10.

of which

scientists

say

is

virtually

nil.

Causes

of

Climate

Change

(a)

The

Rof

e

of Humanity:

Chonge the

form

of

the

word in squore

brockets

suitobly to

fit

eoch

gop.

Thegreenhouseeffectisessentiallytheprocessbywhichthel.-[absorb]and2.-[emit]ofinfrared

radiation

by

gases

in

the

atmosphere

warms the

planet's

lower

atmosphere

and surface.

Put

simply,

the

so-called

greenhouse

gases

which

cause

this effect

basically

redirect

heat

that would otherwise

escape

back

into

outer

space

down towards the

surfaceoftheearth.Thisphenomenonisactuallykeytocreatingconditions3.-[conduct]tolifeonEarth.

Without

the

natural

4.

[occur]

of

these

gases

and consequent

planetary

warming,

Earth

would

actually

be

a

very

5.

_

[hospitable]

place.

The problem, however,

began

in

the

1800s

during

the industrial revolution. The

increased

amount of

industrial

activity

led

to

additional volumes of

greenhouse

gases

being

produced

unnaturally

as

a

result

of

human

activity.

Obviously,

as

the

level

of

industrial

activity

has

increased dramatically

over the

last

several

centuries,

so

too

then

has

the

rate

of

production

and emission

of

greenhouse

gases.

Human

activity

has

therefore

altered the

balance

of

things

with

[concentrate]

of

greenhouse

gases

such

as

CO2

and methane

in

the atmosphere

significantly higher

today

than at any

other

time

in

the

past 800,000 years

of

Earth's

history.

About

two-thirds

of

the additional

CO2

released

is

attributed

to

the

burning

of

fossil fuels,

while the rest

of

the

increase in

atmospheric

greenhouse

gas

levels

is

put

down

to

changes

in

land-use,inparticular7.-fforest],andpopulationgrowth,which,forexample,hasledto8reaternumbersof

livestock than

ever before

being

reared

for

8.

_

[consume],

and

a

consequent significant

increase in methane emis-

sions.The9.-[dep|ete]ofthetroposphericozonelayer,causedbychlorofluorocarbons,hasalsohadasignificant

warming effect

on

the

Earth's surface, but

this

is

not

to

be confused

with

the

greenhouse

effect

as

the

two

phenomena

are

largely|0.-[relate].Giventherelativell.-[abound]offossilfuels,ourl2.-[depend]

onthem,andthel3.-[emerge]ofnewandmoreefficientmethodsofl4.-[extract],thelikelihood

of

a

significant

reduction

in

carbon emission

levels in

the

near

future

seems

very

unlikely.

Therefore, the

problem

of

global

warming

also

appears

very

unlikely

to

moderate.

Besides,

many scientists believe

the

damage already

done

may

be

15.

_

[reverse].

(b)

Nature's

Role:

Use the words

from

the

box

to

fill

gaps

I

-

6.

You

moy have

to

chonge

the

tense or

form,

ond

you

should

only

use

each

word

once.

exacerbate emit

penetrate

reflect

intensify

reverse

lf anything,

while

humankind

has

been

l.

the warming

situation, nature

herself, by

happy

coincidence,

has

been

be-

havinginsuchawayastopartially2.-theeffects,and,overthelasthalfacenturyorso,inParticular,naturehashada

significantcoolingeffect.Forastart,therehasbeenasignificant3.-ofvolcanicactivity,andtheconsequentreleaseof

particulates

and

soot contributed

to what

is

termed Global

Dimming,

a

cooling

phenomenon whereby more of the

Sun's

rays

are

prevented

from

4.

the atmosphere

and reaching

the

planet's surface, and are

instead

5.

_

back

out into

space.AnothercoolingfactoristhatofsolaroutPut.lfanything,lesssolarradiationhasbeen6.-bytheSuninthe

past

thirry

years

or

so.

Cnvinonmental

lssues

and

the

Natunal Wonld

Common

Collocations

to

do

with

Global

Warming,

the

Environment

and

Nature

(a)

Match

the

words

in

Column A to their

strongest collocates in

Column

B.

(a)

greenhouse

(b)

precious

(c)

renewable

(d)

sustainable

(e)

water

(f)

habitat

(g)

aerosol

(h)

paddy

(i)

acid

fi)

catalytic

(k)

dumping

(l)

energy

(i)

metals

(ii)

shortage

(iii)

sprays

(iv)

destruction

(v)

converter

(vi)

spill

(vii)

rain

(viii)

fields

(ix)

development

(x)

efficient

(xi)

change

(xii)

energy

(xiii)

ground

(m)

climate

oil

(b)

Match

the

words

in

Column A

to their

strongest

collocates

in

Column

B.

(a)

industrial

(b)

heat

(c)

bush

(d)

geothermal

(e)

toxic

(f)

factory

(g)

exhaust

(h)

coastal

(i)

endangered

f)

mass

(k)

food

(i)

wave

(ii)

farming

(iii)

waste

(iv)

footprint

(v)

disposal

(vi)

power

(vii)

waste

(viii)

extinction

(ix)

fumes

(x)

erosion

(xi)

chain

(xii)

welfare

(xiii)

species

fire

(l)

animal

(m)

waste

carbon

(c)

Match

the

words

in

Column A

to their

strongest

collocates in

Column

B.

(a)

fossil

(b)

nuclear

(c)

refuse

(d)

organic

(e)

landfill

(f)

compost

(g)

exhaust

(h)

wiHlife

(i)

septic

fi)

recyclable

(k)

oil

(l)

climate

(m)

non-renewable

(i)

proxies

(ii)

fuels

(iii)

fallout

(iv)

turbine

(v)

collection

(vi)

site

(vii)

produce

(viii)

waste

(ix)

fumes

(x)

campaigner

(xi)

slick

(xii)

resources

(xiii)

tank

I

(n)

wina

(xiv)

rreap

I

The Potential

Consequences of

Global

Warming

-s-

:.e

words

from

the box

to

ftll

in

gops

I

-

8.

You

will

not

need

to

change the

form

ofthe

words. Use eoch

word once

only.

inhospitable

vulnerable

migration

frequency

releasing

upgrading

sponsoring

adhering

fitling

investing

displacement

inundated

extent

erosion

refugees

diversity

cover

retreat

deglaciation

decimate

Already

there

is

some evidence

of

the

'

of certain

i

certain

ice

sheets

in

the

Arctic.

Scientists

say

that this

could

get

I

.

Already

there

is

some evidence

of

the

ot

certarn

rce

sheets

rn

the

Arctlc.

)clentlsts

say

tn

t.rorse.

The majority of

mountain

glacieE

throughout

the

world

in

both

hemispheres

are also

presently

in

2.

Snow

and

sea

ice

are also

expected

to

decline considerably.

3.

There

is

expected

to

be

a

higher

of

extreme weather

such

as

drought,

flooding

and

the formation

of

tntense

storm

systems.

Scientists

predict

that

the

of

many ecosystems

will

be

reduced

and

many

species

will

be

made

extinct.

Certain

ecosystems such

as

tundra,

mangroves

and

coral

reefs are

thought

to

be

particularly-

.

Oceanic

acidification

is

predicted

to

accelerate

considerably

and

this

could

-

entire

populations

of certain

sea

crearures at

the

base

ofthe

food

chain

that rely on carbonate

ions

to

make

structures they

need

to

survive.

There

is

likely

to

be

more

coastal

and coastal

flooding on

account

of

rising

sea

levels,

as

well

as

a

reduction

in

rhe

fresh

water

supply,

which

could

cause

severe

water

shortages.

Rising sea

levels

will

also cause

certain

coastal

areas

to

be

and submerged,

resulting

in

further

localised

population

4.

5.

8.

Crop

yield

in

certain

parts

of

the

world

which

experience

significant

localised

warming

will

be adversely

affgcted,

which

could

result

in

mass

and

the creation

of

so-called

climate

.

Contrariwise,

countries

lying

in

more

northerly

regionsco-uldbenef'tfrombetterannualyieldsonaccountoftheffi?[d5ilconringmilderandless

Doing

our

bit

for

the

Environment

Se/ect on

oppropriote

verb

from

the

box to

ftll

eoch

gop.

enacting

arranging

su

bstituting

se

pa

rati

ng

lobbying

switching

ensunng

forming

exploiting

prosecuting

providing

protecting

ensuring

subsidising

fitting

lndividuals:

I.

2.

3.

5.

6.

8.

9.

t0.

elected

representatives

to

get

them

to

Pursue

an

environment-focused

agenda

pressure

groups

to

campaign

for the

introduction

of environmental

protection

legislation

our

homes are

properly

insulated

and

4.

double

glazing

waste

into

recyclable and

non-recyclable

items

to

energy-saving

light bulbs

and 7.

household

appliances

are

turned

off when

not

in

use

our

cars

for

bikes

or

public

transport

where

possible and

practical

to

carpool

with

work

colleagues

or

friends

solar

panels

on

our

roofs

the

public

transport

system

renewable sources

of energy

such

as

wind

and

solar

power

the

renewable energy

industry

to

make

it

more competitive

on

price

incentives

to

customers

to

switch

to

alternative energy

sources

areas

of

natural beauty

and

special

environmental

significance

those

involved

in

illegaldumping

laws

to

protect

endangered

species

in research

into

alternative

forms of

energy

to

the terms

of

the

Kyoto

Agreement

international

initiatives

to

protect

the environment

adequate

funding

to

enable

the

proper

policing

of

environmental

Protection

laws

Government:

I

t.

12.

t3.

14.

t5.

t6.

17.

I8.

t9.

20.

2'|.

Cnvironmental

lssues

and

the

Natunal

World

fera

I

range

sheds

eradication

indigenous

placental

apex

solitary

prey

gestation

conservation

stray

territory

insulation

nesting

predation

alpha

breach

heat

run

identity

resurgent

tropics

adverse

ban

stock

cull

status

t.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

The Natural

World

Use

the

words

from

the box

below to

fill

in

the

gops

in

sentences

I

-

26.

You

will

not

need

to

chonge the

form

of

the

words.

Use

eoch

word

once

only.

The

Canadian

government's

authorisation of the

seal-pup

a._

annually

is

extremely controversial

and brings

the

wrath

of

conservationists

down

on

it.

During

the

annual

Alaskan salmon

b._

,

such

is

the

abundance

of

spawning

fish

that the

local bear

population

enjoys

a

veritable

feast.

However,

overfishing

has

depleted the

c._

of

wild

salmon considerably.

The

disappearance of

sea

ice

has

forced polar

bears

into swimming

increasingly

long distances

in

search

of suitable

d._

.

The international

e._

imposed

on

whale

hunting

is

not

adhered

to

by several

countries,

including

Norway

and

Japan.

The

increasing

populariry

of

so-called

eco-tourism

is

having

a(n)

f._

effect on once

isolated areas like

Galapagos.

lf

global

warming

continues

apace,

diseases

now

conflned

to the

g._

,

such

as

malaria,

will

quite

possibly

make

their way

as

far north

as

the

United

Kingdom.

7.

Although

the

population

of

wolves

in

Spain

is

stabilising thanks

to

h.

before long-term

recovery

is

guaranteed.

efforts,

there

is

still

a

long

way

to

go

The

i._

population

of red squirrels

in parts

of

Scotland

is

a sign

that

efforts

to

control the

population

of

greys

have been

somewhat

successful.

Shark

attacks along

the

Australian coastline are

usually

a case

of

mistaken

i._

.

The

k._

period

of

the

red deer

lasts

typically

240

to

262

days.

Male

wildebeest

are

willing

if

necessary

to

fight

to

the

death

over

a

female

in l.

Unlike

its

cousin

the

lion,

the

leopard

is

a

m.

species

during

the

mating

season.

beast

which

will

only seek

out

the

company

of others of

its

Watching

a

whale

n.

the

surface

is

a

spectacle

that

is

hard

to

forget.

The lion

is

an

o._

predator; the

only

serious

threat

to

it

comes

from

man.

The

p._

male

of

a

band

of

gorillas

will

typically

have a

distinctive

area

of silver-coloured fur on

its back.

q._

mammals

dominate

much of

the

rest

of

the

world

in

much

the

same

way

as

marsupials are

abundant

in

Australia.

Over

thousands of

years,

much

of

New

Zealand's

r._

population

of birds

evolved

to

become flightless on

account

of

there

being no significant

threat of

s._

on

the

ground.

Unfortunately, when the

possum

was

introduced

from

Australia, such species had

little

or

no

defence and became

easy

prey

for

the foreign

invader.

The

population

of

grey

wolves

in

Yellowstone

is

thriving

and

scientists

suggest

the

species

no longer

needs its

protected

The

u.

of

the

Polynesian

rat

from

the

small

offshore

islands

of

New

Zealand

has

seen

the

indigenous

bird

populai-ion

stage a

remarkabl6

recovery.

Conservation

efforts

are ongoing on

the

lonian

island

of

Zakynthos

to

safeguard

the future

of the

loggerhead

sea

turtle.

Volunteers

patrol

the

beaches

that

act

as

its nesting

ground

throughout

the

v._

season.

The

Arctic

fox w.

its

winter

coat at

the

onset

of

spring.

Blubber

is a

very effective

form

of

x._

against

the

freezing

cold temperatures

seals

often

encounter

in

the

ocean.

The wolves

had

a huge

y._and

travelled

more

than 50km

per

day.

The pride

males regularly

marked

their

z._

to

warn

off

rivals.

The city

has

a

problem

with

a

I

dogs and

needs

to

look

at

neutering the

male

population

to

prevent

the

problem getting

worse.

8.

9.

t0.

!t.

t2.

t3.

14.

t5.

t6.

17.

t8.

t9.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

The

b

I

.

horses

that roam the Snowy

Mountains of Australia are

known

as

the

Brumbies.

5.

6.

Il.

12.

(A)

Select the

correct

onswer

option

(d -

d)

for

eoch

question

(l

-

20)

l.

lt

was

a(n)

effort

on

our

part

to try to

convince

her not

to

make

such

a

rash decision and

quit

her

job

before

she

had

anything lined up;

she

was

never

going

to

listen

to

us

anyvvay.

2.

The violent

scenes in

that

movie

were

simply

and added

nothing

to

the storyline. All

they

served

to

achieve was

to

force the

Film

Censor's

hand so

as

to

prevent

under

l2s

from

being

able

to view what

was

otherwise

a

perfectly

suitable

film for them

to

watch.

3.Livingasaforeignerinsucha(n)-placeasthis,itishardlysurprisingthatlgetstaredatwalkingdownthe

street;

I

stand

out

like

a

sore

thumb.

4.

Rumours abound

that the

announcement

of the merger of the

two

companies

is

;

apparently

it

is as

good

as

a

done

deal.

He

had

the

build of someone

half

his age

involved in

professional

athletics;

it was

as

though

he never

aged

at

all,

andletTiEkl,cm

saw

him do

exercise

of

any kind and he never

went

to the

gym.

The

details

of the

deceased's

year-long

affair

with

his

secretary

emerged

during the

trial

as

the

pros6Zlii6i-IFiect

to

build

a

strong

case

for

motive

to

muider.

This

much

is

clear;

most

people

in

Jane

Ayre's

shoes

probably

would

have

wanted

their

lying, cheating,

money-grabbing

husband dead.

7.

lt

is

one

thing

to

simply

tell

a

white

lie,

James,

but

you

have

been

downright

you

asarn.

8.

The

chances

of

finding those

trapped

in

the snow

after the

avalanche

now

are

_

;

after

all,

most

avalanche

survivors suffocate

wi-thin

I

5-30'minutes

of

being

buried

alive.

lt

has

been nine

holiiiow

that the

rescuers

have been

searching.

9.

There

is

a(n)

of

books

on

the

subject,

so

you

should have no

trouble whatsoever

researching

ideas

for

your

project.

l0.Shehasa(n)-wayofmakingherpointwhichisbrilliantlyeffective;lfinditleavesthosewithwhomshe

argues

at

a loss

for

what

to

say

next,

so

taken

aback are

they

by

her

succinct

ripostes.

He

is

no

doubt

a(n)

talent, but

I

question

whether or

not

he

has

the temperament

to

succeed

in

this

sport.

He

is

a(n)

goal

scorer; not

even

the

great

Malcolm Mound

managed

to

convert

his chances

with

the

same

regularity during

his

spell

at

the

club.

The

two

houses

are

to

each

other

and

yet

they

are

so

differently

styled

that

you

could

be

forgiven

for

thinking they

were

built

rn

completely

different

eras.

Helefta(n)-onmyanswerphoneabouthavingto.disappear'forafewweeks,sayingthat.everything

would

be

all

right';nd

that

he

would

sort

it

out.

I

am still

strugglingto

understand

what this

is

all

about, but

it can't

be

good.

The

diamond

is

of

origin;

indeed,

I

strongly

suspect

that

it

has

been smuggled

into

the

country

illegally

from

one

of

the

AfiEl-n

conflict

zones.

-

16.

That

is

a(n)

abuse

of

power;

be

warned,

you

will

not

win

any

friends

behaving

like this and

walking

all

over

everyone.

l7.Thebottomfelloutofthis-cardboardboxwhilelwascarryingitupthestairs;howcheapofthecourier

company

to

use

such

cut-rate

packaging.

He

wore

a(n)

expression

for weeks following the

news

that

he had

not

got

the

Promotion.

He

has

a(n)

collection

of butterflies which

he bought

from

the

local

Natural History

museum.

Thereisa(n)-ofnewhomesbeingbuiltintheregionandatthemomentdemandfaroutweighssupply.

Something

must

be done

to

redress

the

balance.

;

I

will

never

be able

to trust

t3.

14.

t5.

t8.

t9.

20.

t.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

t0.

il.

a.

futile

a. docile

a. eminent

a. imminent

a.

doleful

a.

brazen

a.

prudent

a. oblique

a.

prolific

a.

laconic

a.

prodigious

b.

brazen

b.

gratuitous

b.

convivial

b. eminent

b. esoteric

b.

inherent

b.

reclusive

b.

miniscule

b.

plethora

b.

frugal

b.

coherent

c.

aqueous

c. dormant

c.

extraneous

c.

frugal

c.

lithe

c.

ponderous

c.

precipitous

c.

inherent

c.

nominal

c.

congenial

c. eminent

d.

dubious

d.

arduous

d.

homogenous

d.

culpable

d.

intrepid

d.

lurid

d.

mendacious

d.

prolific

d.

frugal

d.

apprehensive

d.

flagrant

Focus

on

g€neral

High

Lenel

Vocabulang

t2.

r3.

,4.

t5.

t6.

17.

t8.

t9.

20.

a.

prolific

a.

contiguous

a.

gaudy

a.

latent

a. latent

a. flimsy

a.

prudent

a. reticent

a.

plethora

b.

brazen

b.

munificent

b.

lustrous

b.

dubious

b.

lucrative

b.

lustrous

b.

reclusive

b.

ponderous

b.

miniscule

c.

indulgent

c.

gregarious

c.

munificent

c.

laconic

c.

flagrant

c.

intrepid

c. doleful

c. esoteric

c.

dearth

d.

innate

d.

noxious

d.

cryptic

d.

lucrative

d.

miniscule

d.

haughty

d.

officious

d.

reciprocal

d.

vestige

2.

3.

(B)

Choose

the

correctverb

from

the box

below

to

complete eoch sentence

ond

chonge

the

tense

os

required.

l.

The

conviction

was

and

the

judge

ordered

the immediate

release

of the

prisoner:

The

miniscule

amount

of.rain

water

I

had

managed

to

collect

in

the carton overnight

did little

to

my

thirst.

The

soldiers

were

finally

able

to

their

supplies

after eight

days

having been

cut off

from

civilisation

by

the

huge

storm

and accompanying

deluge.

His

father

him

for

not

having

properly prepared

for

his

final

exams.

The neighbourhood

with

the

sound of

gunfire

as

the

protest

march

descended

into

violence.

He

is

_

by

his

countrymen

as

the

father

of the nation;

it

was

his

determination, inspiration,

courage

and

tacticaT}i-owessthatprop6tteanispedpletoVictoryoVertheoccupyingforcesinthemostemphatitofmanners--there

would

be no

going

back

to

the

days

of empire.

They

what

they could

from

the

wreck

as

quickly

as

possible

before

high

tide

returned

to

swdlow

it

up

again.

Limbs and

other

body

parts

were

across

the

scene

of the wreckage; it

was

utter

and

complete

devastation.

Hisseeminglyimpenetrableself-confidencewasfinally-whenhisarchrival,themanwhohadhadtobe

content

with

coming second

to

him

for

all

of

nearly

ten

years,

sprinted

effortlessly

towards the

finish line leaving

him

in

his

wake; the

champion

had been

dethroned at

last.

After

the story

w:$

leaked

to the

press,

he

was

by

his

former

friends

and colleagues

in

the

parryi

a

man

who

had

once

been hotly

tipped

as

a

potential

leader

of

the

Conservatives was now

well

and

truly

staring into

the

political

abyss.

I

have

no sympathy

for

him

whatsoever;

he

has

idiot

and

his

money

are

very soon parted.

millions

of

pounds

foolishly

for

his

own

indulgence;

an

After

an

epic

three-day

battle the

Greeks

at

last

and

the

Prussian

empire

was defeated.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

t0.

il.

t2.

r3.

Small-to-medium-sized

businesses

have

over

the

last

few

years,

thanks,

in part,

to

a

new

government

initiativeofferingVerygenerousgrantsan<|iil-.rrrcentivestowould-beentrePreneurs.

14.

He

felt

when

his

much

maligned

theory

was

endorsed

by

the experts at Loterdale

Laboratory

as

a

result

of the cumulativeTndiigs-of

fifteen

years'

reseJrch

in

what

was, at

the time, the most comprehensive

study

thad

had

ever

been

conducted

in

the

field.

15.

We

must

always

to

seek

betterment,

both the mental

and physical

kind,

for

growth

and

the

quest

to

achieve

saEe

ciEfine

rrvFat

it

is

to

be human.

16.

The rebel

armies

had

no

future.

subjugate

strive

prevail

sq

uander

vindicate

proliferate

shun

shatter

reverberate

salvage

revere

quench

replenish

reproach

scatter

quash

vast swathes of

government-controlled

land

and

it

soon

became

clear

that

the

Empire

(C)

Motch

the words

in the

left

column

with their

deftnitions

in

the

right

column.

l.

ponderous

2.

precipitous

9.

There

were

some

being

termed

a

phoney war.

10.

Details

as

to

exactly

what

happened remain

injuries sustained,

no

one

has

been

critically

hurt.

I

l.

The

eagle

perched

itself on

the

12.

Observers

in

the

country

describe

the situation

as

highly

[

]

steep

[

]

in name

or thought

only,

not

real

skirmishes,

but

there

have

been

no full-scale engagements

thus

far

in

what

is

now

,

but

what

is

now

clear

is

that

despite

the

large

number

of

3.

presumptuous

[

]

extremely

dangerous

[

]

slow

and

awkward, boring

[

]

dangerously

unpredictable

[

]

careful,

or

uncertain

of

being

completed

[

]

overly

proud

of

self

or

stuck

up

[

]

resolutely

fearless

[

]

rude

in speech

or

behaviour

[

]

careful

and

cautious

and

wise

to

be

so

[

]

making

provision

for

the future,

especially

to

do

with

money

[

]

withdrawn,

very

anti-social

[

]

determined

[

]

active

at night

[

]

connected

in

such

a

way

that

one completes

the

other

[

]

unnecessary

more than

needed

[

]

having

moral

integrity

[

]

occasional,

infrequent

[

]

saying

little

[

]

awful,

unpleasant

and

shocking

[

]

physically

harmful

or

destructive

[

]

discrete,

secret

[

]

containing

few

details,

vague

[

]

made

up

of

parts

or

things

that

are

very different

from

one

another

25.

heterogenous

[

]

disrespectful

and brazen

(D)

Now

use

some

of

the

words

I

- 25

obove

to

fill

the

gops

in the

sentences

below.

You

will

not

need

oll

the words,

ond

you

should

use

eoch

word once

only.

l.

She

seemed

to

have

a

rather

manner and

held herself

in

very

high

regard

indeed.

2.

The new colour

you've

chosen

for

the walls

is

quite

possibly

the

most

thing

I've

ever

seen;

it

is

utterly

tasteless.

3.A'-gassescontinuedtoflowintotheairpocketinwhichtheminorsweretrapped,itwasclearthat

time

was

running

out

to

launch

a successful

rescue

operation.

4.

The

Queen

is

the

head

of

state

of Great

Britain.

4.

teacherous

5.

tentative

6.

volatile

7.

sketchy

8.

sporadic

9.

taciturn

10.

surreptitious

I

l.

tenacious

a2.

superfluous

|

3.

prudent

14.

provident

15.

reciprocal

16.

scrupulous

17.

reclusive

18.

petulant

19.

nocturnal

20.

ghastly

21.

haughty

22.

intrepid

23.

noxious

24.

nominal

5.

Bats

are

creatures,

it's

true,

but, contrary

to

what

most

people

believe,

while

they often

rely

in

the

main on son5r

anA

enmnced

hearing,

most

species

do,

in

fact, also

have reasonably

good

eye-sight.

6.

There

was a(n)

_

agreement

in

place

between the

two

countries

to

waive

the

visa

requirements

for

short-stay

holidayrnakers

of

either

nationality

travelling

between the

tvvo

states.

7.

He was

as

as

they

come,

never

venturing

much

further

afield

than

his

front

gate

to

pick

up

the

post;

his

wife

had

to

<ioTil

his

errancis

for

him

while

he

virtually

led

the

life

of

a

hermit.

8.

The

adventurers

successfully

scouted

the

heretofore unexplored

region of

the

Amazon

that

is

home

to

the

Tupi

tri6er

cliff

edge, scouting

the

horizon

for

its next

unlucky

victim.

,

and

suggest

that there

is

no

telling

what

could

happen

next.

I3.

The

reporter',

_

style

of

deliverT

often

made

for

painfully

slow

and dull

viewing.

l-1"

*T

kept.in

his

iob

purely

on

account

ofI-is

ability

to reid

the situation

on

the

ground

accurately

and always

be

first

to

break

the

big

story'

14.

The celebrity's

cameo

was

_

at

best and

served

to

distract

viewers

from

concentrating

on

the

actual

story

which'was,

after

all,

a

verT serious

and

important

one

that

deserved

to

be

told.

Her

t5.

E

glance

now

and

then

was

enough of

a

cue

for

the

man

to

realise

that

she

was vetT

attracted

to

him.

Focus

on

g€neral

High

Level

Vocabulang

enth

ra

I I

stifle

curtail

exacerbate

alleviate

elucidate

vilify

disparage

encha

nt

revere

instigate

grumble

annex

concoct

malign

chastise

extol

perch

pillage

lament

ingratiate

postulate

pervade

endeavour

(E)

Choose the

correct

verb

from

the box below

to

onswer

each

question.

Chonge the

form

or

tense

if

required.

This new

measure

will

prove

counterproductive

and

only

serve

to

growth,

ensuring

that it

takes

us

longer

than

necessary

to

climb our way out of this

recession.

He

has

been

in

the

press and

cast

as

some

sort

of

devil

figure.

Perhaps

some

perspective

is

needed;

after

all,

his

oniy crime

was

to

criticise the

royal family.

William

Butler

Yeats

is

one of lreland's most

poets

ofthe

20th

century

I

that

the

reason

why e-cigarettes

have

been banned in some

countries

is

down

more

to

the strength

of

thG

cftSrette

rnanuTacturers' lobby

than'it

is

aiy

underlying

healtfr

concerns.

Research

has

shown them

to

be

99o/o

saGr

than

t.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

t0.

lt.

12.

t3.

14.

t5.

ordinary

cigarettes

after

all.

Priceless

works

of art

The

violence was

demonstrators.

Thejaguarstoodmotionl"'',-highabovetheobliviousboaronarock,readytoPounceat|usttheright

moment

to

catch

its

unwitting victim completely

unawares.

Despite

efforts

to

clean up

the streets

and

lock

up

the

gang

leaders,

gang

rule

still

Mexico,

and

the ordinarT

people

continue

to

live in

fear.

in many

parts

of

New

lwill

now

to

explain

my

proposal

to

you

and

I

truly

hope

you

will

be

as

enthused by it

as

my staff and

I

are.

You

will

only

the situation

by

attempting

to

make

contact

with

your

brother

again;

he

has

been severely

hurt

by

your

actions

and

your

relationship

may

well

be

beyond

repair.

He

the

virtues of simplicity, but

he

failed

to win very

many

in

the

audience

over

to

his

vision

of

life

in

theZlst

century.

-

He

made several

remarks

about

his

ex-wife

in

public

and she

is

now threatening

to

sue

him

for

defamation

of

character.

It

is

hoped

that

the

shipment

of food

and supplies

will

the

humanitarian crisis

in

famine- struck

Uganda.

He

had

to

_

his

holiday and take

the next flight

home

from

New York

to

rush

to

the

bedside

of

his

terminally-illmotlrer.Hearrivedjustintimetosayhislastgoodbyes.

I

was

by

the

pristine

beaury

of this

magical

forest

from

the moment

I

laid

eyes

upon

it;

it

truly

was

a

sight

to

behd?i.--

lfyouconstantly-aboutlifeandtelleveryoneyoursobstoryyouwillquicklyfindyourselfisolatedand

without

friends;

no

one

likes

to

be depressed and

we

all

have

our

own

problems

to

deal

with.

Perhaps

you

need an

injection

of

positivity

in

your

life;

it

could

be

just

the

medicine

you

need

to

help

you

turn

things around.

during the

war

are

now

being

returned

their

rightful owners.

by

a

small

hardcore element

that

had

infiltrated

the otherwise

peaceful

group

of

16.

17.

t8.

t9.

20.

21.

22.

He

his

decision

to

take

the

shot

when

he realised

his

teammate

had been

unmarked

in

the box, but

it

was-bythentoolateandallhecoulddowaswatchonastheballsailedhighoverthecrossbar.

When

Germany

_

Austria before World

War

Two,

its

forces met

with

little

resistance

as

they

marched

towards the

capital. ln fact,

they

were,

by

and large,

welcomed

with

open

arms.

an

alibi

so

convincing

that

the

jury

found

in

his

favour

and

he

was

released

from

custody

a

free

man.

His

political

pedigree

has

been

by

members of

the

press,

with whom

he

is

terribly

unpopular.

Stoptryingto-yourselfwiththebossallthetime;therestoftheteamwillturnagainstyouandwillbeleft

feeling

very

alone and

isolated.

Thegovernmenthasb""n-inthepressforcuttingsocialwelfarePaymentsinthelatestbudget.Asone

commentator

put

it,

'Why

on

earth

should

the

poorest

of the

poor

be made

to

suffer even more?

lsn't

it

about

time

we

targeted

high-income

earners

for

more tax.'

23.

The

reasons

why

it

is necessary

to

change

our

ways

to

help

fight

global

warming

have

been

many

times, but the

message

still

isn't

getting

across

to

Joe

Bloggs

on

the

ground.

by scientists

He

24-

lwas

by

the

story

and

must admit

I

found it one

of

the

most

captivating

films

I have

viewed

in

many

ayear.

(F)

Match

the

noun

in

the

column on

the

Ieft

with

its

definition

in

the

column on

the

right

l.

prodigy

2.

proximity

3.

rudimentary

4.

ryro

5.

uproar

6.

vehemence

7,

vestige

8.

consensus

9.

attrition

10.

ambiguous

I

l.

animosity

12.

duplicity

13.

impediment

14.

nuance

I

5.

nausea

16.

prerogative

17.

neglect

18.

jeopardy

[

]

basic

[

]

a

barrier

to

progress,

an

obstacle

[

]

abuse, lack

of

care, failure

to

carry

out

your

responsibilities

[

]

vague, unclear, uncertain, open

to

interpretation

[

]

the

act of weakening

or

damaging

by

harassment, abuse

or

attack

[

]

sickness,

when

you

feel

ill enough

to vomit

[

]

dishonest

talk

or

behaviour,

saying

contradictory

things

to

different

sides

[

]

a

novice, someone

new

to

an

activity

[

]

general

agreement,

majority of

opinion

[

]

a

right

you

have

not

necessarily

afforded

to

everyone

[

]

exposure

to

death,

loss,

threat

etc.,

at

risk

[

]

a

slight

difference

in

appearance, meaning,

or

sound etc.

[

]

the

expression

of

strong

feelings

[

]

a

lot of

angry complaints

about

something

[

]

a

trace,

mark

or

sign

left

by something

which

has

now

disappeared

[

]

ill

will

or

bad

feeling

[

]

nearness

to

something

[

]

a

person

with

great

abiliry

that

shows itself

early

on

in

life

(G)

Use

words

I -

I

I

from

the

previous

exercise

to

ftll

the

gops

in the

sentences below.

You

will

need

to

use

eoch

word

once only.

You

will

not

hove

to

change the

form.

Plurolise

if

required.

l.

There

is

a

lot

of

between them

stemming

from

when

she

left

him

for

his

younger

brother.

Naturally,

he

found

it

hard

to

forgiGTerTor

th"-t and

the

tension

in

the

rotm

is

palpable

when they

are togeth6r.

2.

lt

is

a

rather

role;

I

am

not

sure

it

is

entirely

clear

from

the

job

specification

what

will

be

required of

me,

but

all

I

can

do

is

go

in

tFEie6give

it

my

best shot.

3.

This

is

quite

simply

a

war

of

and

the winner

will

be

the

last

man standing.

4.lamafraidthatmyjobwillbein-whenthismergerfinallygoesthrough;lmean,therearesuretobe

some

non-core

members of

staff

who

lose

their

jobs

as

a

result of

synergy.

Will

I be

one

of them?

5.

The

general

is

that

she

will

stand

down

at

the

next

election

and

allow the deputy

leader

to

take

over.

6.

Whether

and

when

I

take

time

off

is

entirely

up

to

me;

that

is

my

the

company.

-

one of the

luxuries

of

actually

owning

7.

The most

significant

certain

to

continue.

8.

She

suffered

from

to

change

in

the company

is

its

CEO;

sadly

while

he's

at

the

helm

our

problems

look

at

the

hands

of

her

abusive,

alcoholic

mother.

9.

lt's

a

fairly

piece

of

kit -

no

complicated technology

inside

or

anything

- but, that

said, I

have

yet

to

find

a

more modern rival

product

to

match

its

accuracy and

portability.

|

0.

One

of

the

of my new role

as Financial

Officer

compared

to

my

previous

job

title

of

Accounts

Manager

is

that

I

am

now

offiZiaiiy responsible

for

allocating

departmental spendin!.

Other

thin

that, the

two

jobs

are

virtually

idenlical.

is

a

common side-effect of

undergoing

a

course

of chemotherapy treatment.

l2.Heisbuta(n)-andlwouldn'tgotakinghisadvicetooseriously.lfyouwanttheviewsofanoldhand,why

don't

you

ask Max Minton?

He's

been

working

here

for

donkey's

years.

13.

This

engine

is

the

last

of

a

once

great

car

manufacturer

of the

early

20th

century.

14.

She

is

some

sort

of child

;

at

the

age

ofovelve

she

has

already

been

enrolled

in

an

undergraduate degree

course.

15.

Residents

on

the

east coast

of lreland

are

extremely

hostile

to

the

idea

of

further

development of the

Sellafield nuclear

Powerplantgivenitsrelativelyclose-tothem;shoulddisasterstrikeandaneasterlywindbeblowing,

they

will

be

right

in

the

line

of

fire

of

the

radioactive

gasses.

|

6.

The announcement of

a

new

value-based

tax on

houses

has

caused

pay

the

charge.

with

many

saying

they

will

refuse

to

17.

His

_

really

is

quite remarkable;

he

told

our

firm

that

he

wanted the merger

as

much

as

anyone and

would

help-usconvincetlrema1orihar6holderStocomeonboard,butnowllearnthathehasadvisedthemtorej6ctthebid.

il.

18.

Such

was

the

with which

she spoke

that

it was difficult not

to

be

convinced

by her argument.

Focus

on

gcnenal

High

Level

Vocabulang

(H)

Chonge

eoch noun

or

verb

below

into

its

odjectivol

form

l.

rigor

2.

rancour

3.

tremor

4.

vigilance

5.

vanity

6.

gluttony

7.

hypocrisy

8.

philanthropy

9.

diligence

10.

aroma

I

l.

deference

a2.

comprehension

13.

meddle

14.

efface

(selQ

15.

office

16.

indulge

17.

revere

18.

vindicate

(l)

Now, complete

the

sentences

below

using the

odjectivol

forms

in

your

onswers

to

I

-

I

I

above. Do

not

use

any word

more

thon

once.

|

.

He

is

one

of

the

most

people

I

have

ever

come

to

know;

if

you

cross

him,

he

will

make

you

live

to

regret

it

at

some

poing

wtetFEilIEG

him

a

year

or ten

-

and

that's anothei

thing;

he

has

a

very

long

memory

indeed

when

it

comes

to

his

grudges.

2.

The

opening

of

the

new

parliament

is

scheduled

for the

30th

May,

just

before

parliament

breaks up

for

the

summer.

He examined

the

delicate

artefact

with

holding

his

own

child in

his

arms.

care.

I

doubt

he

could

have been

any

more

careful

were

he

Max

is

_

in

the extreme,

and

can't

help

but

try

to

become involved

in

the

affairs

of those around

him.

What

he

doesnt

re'alise,

however,

is

that

he

is

involvement

is

seldom

if

ever

helpful and usually

makes

things

worse.

I like

to

garnish

the

plate

with

some

herbs

as

I

find

it

improves

the mood of

diners no

end and

adds

to

the

dining

experience.

Perhaps

that

is

part

of the secret

behind

the

excellent reviews my humble

eatery

has

been receiving

of

late.

Sometimes, in

her

efforts

to

please

those

higher

up

in

the

company

than

her,

I

think

she

goes

a

tad

too

far

and

is

much

too

.

I

think

her

bosses

would

respect

her more

if

she

spoke

up

as

and

when

she

felt

mistakes

were

being

rnaOe

ratfrer

than

iust

passively

looking

on out of'some

sense

of

misguiied

respect.

He

is

truly

the

most

man

I have

ever

had

the

displeasure

of knowing;

he

pays

such careful

attention

to

his

looks

that it

is

bordering on

pathetic.

Ordering

a

second

portion

of

that

delicious

chicken

pie

would

be

a

tad

though,

I'm tempted!

I

suppose,

wouldn't

it?

Still,

The

product

has

undergone

testing

so

we

are

quietly

confident of

its

durability

and

functionality.

She

is

not

a

very

charismatic

manager and

hardly

'inspires'

her

staff,

but

she

is

exceptionally

think

that

in

having

such

a

good

work

ethic

she

leads

by example.

and I like

to

He

is

a

very

_

and

humble

man

and always

credits

his

team

when they

get

a

good

result. Yet

we

all

now

that

much

of the credit

for

their

improved

performances

this

year

is

down

to

his

excellence

as

a

man-manager.

12.

She

is

too

towards

her

grandchildren

and

frankly

spoils

them. That

makes life

very difficult

indeed

for

their

parents.

Their

victory

in

the

fourth

round

was

as

4.

5.

6.

7-

8.

9.

t0.

il.

t3.

t4.

t5.

as

it gets;

4-0

and

they dominated

possession

from

the

off.

He

is

known not

iust

as a

fine

businessman,

but

also

for

his

much

as 50o/o

of

his

net

earnings

to

good

causes each

year.

You need

to

be

extremely

safe

place

for

them

really.

activities;

I have

heard

told that

he

gives

as

in

a

neighbourhood

like

this when

bringing

up

young

children; this

is

not

a

16.

So

violently

was it during

the

quake

that

all

the

plates

on

my kitchen

shelving

unit cracked.

:jiai::

..J

..;:!':

'

,

r'::.

-,:i:

-li.:

:.t::4.

.

t7.

t8.

5.

6-

The

nature of

his

feelings

towards

me

took

me

by

surprise;

I

had

no

ill feeling

for

him

at

all

and

couldn't

underst'anci-it-Ite

p'ast is

the

past

and

I

very much hope

he can

move on

-

this hatred

he

has

must

be eating

him

up

inside.

It

was

_

of

you

to

demand

that

I

stop

smoking,

George.

Unless

you

can

kick

the

habit

yourself,

don't

go

telling otFer

people

what

th-ey

should do.

(f)

Select

the

correct answer option

(o

-

d)

for

eoch

question

(l

-

25)

|

.

He

still

for

her

to

this

day;

it

is

tragic

really,

considering she

left

him all

of

twenty-eight

years

ago.

He

is

stuck

fir-nrly

rooted

in

his

past.

2.

The

government

troops

were

able

to

the

rebellion

with

little

difficulty.

lt's

leaders

were

not

at

all

prepared

for

any

form

of

lengthy engagement.

3.

All

he

could do

to

sustain

himself

until

help

arrived

was

to

in

the forest

for

berries

and

just

pray

that

they

were

not of the

poisonous

variety.

He

was

exceptionally

fortunate

to

come

out

alive.

4.

His

reputation

has

been

unfairly

by

the

allegations

of

corruption,

and

he

will

forever

be

known

as

the

politician

accused

of

paying

for

favours

from

visiting state officials

with

'brown

envelopes',

despite

the

fact

that

he

has

been

completely exonerated

of

any

wrongdoing.

This

issue

race and

may

well

serye

to

unite

a

people

that

were

until this moment

bitterly

divided

and

obsessed

with

skin

colour

to

an

exceptionally

unhealthy degree.

He

has

been

in

the

press

for

his

outdated

views on

the

issue

of abortion, which, until

now

he had

never

spoken

publlclyT-bour

Methink

he

probably

wishes he

had

stayed

stum,

as

it were.

As

a

politician

he

is

highly respected

for

his

moral

integrity, but

as a

speaker, my

oh

my, he does

7.

8.

9.

r0.

il.

12.

r3.

14.

t5.

t6.

17.

r8.

t9.

20.

2t.

22.

23.

24.

25.

rather ponderously;

he

nearly

put

me

to

sleep.

The incumbent

president

has

said

that

he

will

not

on

his

promise

to

pull

the troops out

of

lraq

by

the

end

of the

year,

despite

the

fact

that conditions

on

tte

ttErepounE--are

worsening

by

the

day.

Maxine

will

you

for

all

your

worth

in

the courts

if

this

ends acrimoniously.

lt

is

better

to

cut

your

losses

and make

an

out

oT-court

settlehent.

You may

yet

the

day

that

you

crossed

me;

I

will

not

forSet this, and

will

be

watching

you

like

a

hawk.

His

reputation

as

a'green'

politician

was

by

the

news

that

he

owns

seven

sports

cars

and

a

fleet

of

private

jets.

We

must not

;

after

all,

the show

starts

at

2

and

it

is

already

getting

on

for

a

quarter

Past

one.

The

couple

tried

to

their

romance but

soon

they both

had

to

come

to

terms

with

the

reality

that

the

spark

had

gone

for

good.

Crisis

was

when the

Chinese

government

backed

down

on

its demand

to

have

the

island

returned

to it

beforethe-deadlirre.ltsleadersavedfacebysecuiingapledgefromtheKoreangoVernmenttocedecontrolbeforetheend

of

2025.

The

hostile

crowd

in

the

stadium

_

the

footballer,

chanting

the

name

of one of the opposing

players,

Milton

Frack,

who, it

is

alleged,

is

Eaving;n;ffiir

with

his

wife of

eight

years.

He

for

the

position but

was

overlooked.

The

fact

that

the

promotion

was

awarded

to

his

good friend

andZoliEague made

it

a

slightly easier

pill

to

swallow.

He

doesn't

believe

in

his

words

and

tends

to tell it how it

is

no

matter what the situation.That's

all

well

and

good,

but sometimes

a

little

bit of diplomacy

is

called

for.

Unless

the

rebels

lay

down

their

weapons

and

the

negotiating table.

violence once and

for

all,

we

will

not

engage

with

them

at

By making

these

libellous allegations

against

me,

you

are

attempting

to

that

I

will

first

see

to

it that this

remains

intact

and

then

take

you

to

th(

my moral integrity.

Rest assured

that

I

will

first

see

to

it that this

remains

intact

and

then

take

you

to

the

cleaners

in

the courts.

He

is

with

a sense

of morality that

is

rare amongst

politicians

in

this

country.

lt

is

little

wonder

that

he

has

becorne

the

so-called

people's

champion.

around

the track

effortlessly

and

left the

other

runners trailing

in

his

wake.

Her

close

personal

friends

never

in

their

belief

in

her,

whatever

was

written

in

the

press.

I

shall

this

moment

for

as

long

as

I live;

the road

has

been

a

long and at

times difficult one,

but winning

thisaw-ardtodayandgettingsuchanendorsementfrommyPeersintheindustryhasmadeitallworthwhile.

As

a

celebrity

he

was

rather

unusual

in

that

he

preferred

to

the

limelight

in

as

much

as

was

possible.

He

The inebriated

driver

drove

straight into

a

tree,

a

huge

hole

in

the

front

of

her

car.

Focus

on

g€nenal

High

Level

Vocabularg

l.

a.

pines

2.

a.

sully

3.

a.

dally

4.

a.

sullied

5.

a. transcends

6.

a. gouged

7.

a. milk

8.

a.

renege

9.

a.

rue

10.

a.

rue

I

l.

a.

savoured

12.

a.

pine

13.

a. rekindle

14.

a.

quelled

I

5.

a.

taunted

16.

a.

endowed

17.

a.

mincing

18.

a. shun

19.

a.

falter

20.

a. endowed

21.

a.

gouged

22.

a. derided

23.

a.

dally

24.

a.

gorge

25.

a.

pining

b.

milks

b. deride

b. avert

b.

rued

b.

rekindles

b. derided

b.

prattle

b. avert

b.

dally

b.

tender

b.

shunned

b.lope

b.

endow

b.

averted

b.

shunned

b.

eschewed

b.

gouging

b.

renege

b. avert

b.

quelled

b.loped

b. taunted

b.

rekindle

b.

renege

b.

foraging

c.

Prattles

c.

quell

c.

forage

c.

loped

c.

endows

c. tendered

c.

mince

c. tender

c. taunt

c.

lope

c. taunted

c.

eschew

c.

tender

c.

savoured

c.

loped

c. tendered

c.

loping

c.

eschew

c.

impugn

c.

shunned

c.

rued

c.

faltered

c.

prattle

c.

milk

c.

gouging

d.

endows

d.

falter

d.

shun

d.

impugned

d.

taunts

d.

undermined

d.

transcend

d.

eschew

d.

milk

d.

milk

d.

undermined

d.

dally

d.

mince

d.

impugned

d.

faltered

d.

rekindled

d.

eschewing

d.

impugn

d.

prattle

d.

averted

d.

milked

d.

reneged

d.

savour

d.

shun

d.

mincing

(K)

F,/l

in

the

gops

using

the

words

from

the box

below.

Use

eoch

word

once

only.

Do

not

chonge

the

form.

t.

2.

3.

propensity

predilection

aberration

quibble

penchant

gaffe

throwback

purssance

My

only

is

that

the colour

isn't

very

nice,

but otherwise

I

think

you

have

chosen

well.

to the

days

of

the

neanderthals,

so

outdated are

his

views

on

the

place

of

women

in society.

He

is

a(n)

It

was

an

embarrassing

;

l'll

grant

you

that, but it

will

soon

be

forgotten

and

your

reputation

should

remain

relatively intact.

Choose

your

words

more

carefully

next

time

though.

4.

We

will

put

the

full

of the nation into

this

campaign

and

we

will

emerge

victorious.

for

men

a

lot

younger

than

her.

5.

She

has

a(n)

6.

He

has

a(n)

to

talk

too

much

when

he

gets

nervous.

7,

His

behaviour

in

this

particular

instance

was a(n)

,

I

assure

you;

he

is

normally

a

very

dependable

guy.

8.

He

has

a(n)

for

ltalian

food,

I have noticed.

(L)

Fill

in

the

gops

using

the

words

from

the

box

below.

Use

eoch

word

once

only.

Do

not

chonge

the

form.

pedantic

feckless

quintessential

cumbersome

indecorous

fallible

t.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Greek

salad

is

the

The

starter

at

a

Greek

restaurant.

bureaucracy

of our

civil

service

is

frustrating,

to

say

the

least; nothing gets

done

quickly.

He

is

nothing

but

a(n)

We

are

all

drunk;

his

contribution

has

shrunk

to

such

a

degree

as

to

render

him virtually

useless.

to

varying degrees

I'm

afraid;

to err

is

simply

human.

His

behaviour

did not

win

him

many

new

friends

at

the

United Nations;

it

is

as

though

he

was

out

to inEit

everyone

E-poke

to,

embarking on

some

soi't

of diplomatic

suicide

mission.

He

is

a

nice

fellow,

but

a

tad

too

_

for

my

taste;

he

needs

to

unbutton

the

top

collar on

his

shirt

now

andthenandlethimselfgo,but,a-las,thatwillneverhapp6ntosuchasticklerfortherules'

UNIT 1

Pg 4

(A) 1. face 2. float 3. merging 4. embark 5.facilitate

6. issued/engaged 7. wind/operate 8. run 9. formed

10. put 11. stripped 12. audited 13. budgeted

14.recapitalize 15. cut 16. put 17. overruning

18. written 19. breaking 20. convened/direct

Pg 5

(B) a.iii/iv b.iii/iv c.ii d.i e.vii f.viii g.ix h.vi i.v j.x k. xi

(C) 1. cut-throat business 2. false bottom 3. exit strategy

4. junk bond 5. cash flow 6. credit check 7. factory floor

8. double-dip recession 9. corporate ladder 10. credit crunch

11. cottage industry

(D) 1. conglomerate 2. consortium 3. delegation

4. ascertained 5. unsolicited

Pg 6

(E) 1. penetration 2. orientation 3. mitigating 4. predatory

5. meritocracy 6. protectionism/ideologically 7. punitive

8. nepotist 9. precedent/capitulation 10.unilaterally

11. viability 12. insolvent 13. receivership 14. requisition

15. repossessed

(F) i. capitulation ii. viability iii. unilateral(ly)

(G) 1. remuneration 2. mogul 3. loophole 4. indemnify

5. mandate 6. margin 7. inventory 8. purveyor 9. boycott

10. nominal 11. mark-up 12. tranche 13. yield

Pg 7

(H) 1.learning 2.labour 3.hush 4.sleeping 5.pyramid

6.passing 7.nest 8.stamp 9.insider 10.gagging 11.majority

12.golden 13.inheritance 14.hyper 15.intangible

(I) a. viii b. i c. xi d. ix e. vi f. v g. x h. vii i. iii j. iv k. ii

1. Dole 2. magnate 3. Expenditure 4. leave of absence

5. bonanza 6. insolvent

UNIT 2

Pg 8

(A) a. xi b. i c. ix d. ii e. x f. viii g. vii h. v i. iv j. iii k. vi

l. xvi m. xiv n. xiii o. xii p. xv

(B) 1. conceded 2. reneged 3. captures 4. heckled 5. voted

6. convened 7. jumping 8. sent 9. represented 10. form

11. launched 12. amend 13. received 14. canvassing

15. fixed [resign] is not used

(C) 1. regained 2. lost 3. cast 4. ejected

Pg 9

(D) 1.withdrew 2.ratified 3.nominated 4.pursuing 5.run

6.held 7.suffered 8.question 9.spin 10.pledged 11.called

12. held 13. turned 14. shifted 15. defeated 16. extended

17. polarised 18. veto 19. adopting 20. rejected

(E) a. viii b. i c. v d. ii e. iv f. vi g. vii h. iii

(F) 1. cabinet reshuffle 2. front runner/dark horse 3. exit

poll/hung parliament 4. diplomatic immunity 5. landslide victory

Pg 10

(G) 1. gambit 2. catalyst 3. whistle-stop 4. swing 5. spin

6. old boys’ 7. lame 8. booth 9. apathy 10. unanimous

11. disaffected 12. gerrymandering 13. budget 14. bureaucratic

15. ovation 16. incumbent/rhetoric 17. bipartisan 18. partisan

19. Raucous 20. appetite

(H) 1.b 2.c 3.l 4.k 5.i 6.h 7.j 8.g 9.e 10.f 11.d 12.a

Pg 11

(I) a. xiii b. i c. viii d. vii e. ii f. iii g. vi h. v i. ix j. x

k. xii l. xi m. iv

(J) 1. financial ombudsman 2. public-private partnership

3. trade surplus 4. fiscal year 5. tertiary sector 6. national

debt 7. free trade 8. excise duty 9. attorney general

10. state aid 11. civil service 12. semi-state company

13. welfare state

(K) 1. extradition 2. international 3. disintegrate 4. consular

5. protective

UNIT 3

Pg 12

Job Matters

(a) a. xviii b. xvii c. ii d. viii e. iii f. vii g. iv h. xiv i. xv

j. xiii k. ix l. xii m. xi n. vi o. x p. xvi q. v r. i

(b) 1. hiring policy 2. blue-collar worker 3. benefit in kind

4. unemployment benefit 5. employment tribunal 6. constructive

dismissal 7. social insurance 8. glass ceiling 9. working

conditions 10. performance appraisal 11. shop steward

12. salary freeze 13. pay dispute 14. career prospects

15. Office politics 16. maternity leave 17. pay slip 18. job

specification

Pg 13

Verb Collocations

1. ply 2. air 3. handed 4. tender 5. hold 6. taking

7. terminating 8. breach/relieved 9. take 10. lay 11. made

12. went 13. given 14. claimed 15. apply 16. missed

17. drawing 18. serve 19. take 20. called 21. went

22. enter

23. drive 24. take/cut 25. let 26. climb

27. put/rejected 28. return/reach 29. pursued 30. dismissed

31. table 32. overlooked

Pg 14

Making Ends Meet

(A) a. internship b. permanent c. recession d. autocrat

e. fist f. hierarchy g. apprenticeship h. profession i. white-collar

j. remuneration k. threshold l. firm/practice m. partner

n. camaraderie o. fringe p. receivership q. suit r. review

s. mobile t. wage u. poach v. satisfaction w. practice/firm

x. freelance y. class z. exposure

Pg 15

(B) 1. boycott 2. supplement(ed)

Word Association

(a) AUTHOR – journal obituary critic(al) pseudonym

memoir genre

BANKER – turmoil broker dividend floatation commodities

revenue

LAWYER – executor plaintiff technicality subpoena (ed)

counsel writ

SCIENTIST – specimen clinical trial autopsy breakthrough

forensic subject(s)

POLICE – checkpoint enforcement cordon homicide

squad precinct

(b) 1. i. genre ii. journal iii. critical iv. memoir v. pseudonym

vi. obituary 2. i. broker ii. turmoil iii. commodities

iv. floatation v. dividend 3. i. writ ii. counsel iii. technicality

iv. plaintiff v. subpoena(ed) 4. i. forensic ii. breakthrough

iii. subjects iv. clinical trials v. autopsy 5. i. squad

ii. precinct iii. homicide iv. enforcement v. cordon

1

Vocabulary Files - Level C2 - KEY

UNIT 4

Pg 16

Types of Crime

a. xxiii b. iv c. ii d. i e. xxi f. v g. vi h. xxii i. ix j. xx

k. xxiv l. x m. xi n. xix o. xiii p. xii q. xxv r. xviii s. xvi

t. xvii u. xiv v. viii w. xv x. vii y. iii

Perpetrators of Crime

a. abductor b. affrayer c. assaulter d. batterer e. blackmailer

f. burglar

g. / h. embezzler i. extortioner/extortionist j. forger

k. fraudster/fraud l. gerrymanderer m. harasser n. hijacker

o. / p. hooligan q. / r. money launderer s. mugger

t. perjurer u. petty criminal v. racketeer w. smuggler

x. stalker y. vandal

Pg 17

Vocabulary in Action

a. perjured b. homicidal c. embezzled d. harassment

e. burgled f. money laundered/racketeered g. extortionate

h. smuggler i. blackmail

j. stalking k. petty criminal

l. manslaughter m. vandalised n. hijacking o. fraudulent

p. forged

q. affray r. abducted s. Domestic violence t. assault

Pg 18

Verb Collocations

a. xi b. v c. vii d. iv/vi e. viii f. ix g. iv/vi h. iii i. xvi j. ii

k. xiii l. i m. xiv n. x o. xii p. xv

Verbs in Action

a. subpoenaed b. collapsed c. dismissed d. apprehended

e. incarcerated f. bailed g. interrogated h. deported i. extradited

j. let off k. inspecting

Pg 19

Types of Punishment

a. i b. vii c. x d. iii e. ix f. iv g. ii h. v i. viii j. vi

Verb Collocations

a. granted b. reached c. claiming d. threatening e. settled

f. handed down g. imposed h. overturned i. appealing

j. dismissed

UNIT 5

Pg 20

Good Qualities and Character Flaws

(a) 1.l 2.b 3.d 4.c 5.k 6.f 7.h 8.g 9.j 10.i 11.e 12.a

(b) 1. impetuous 2. cynical 3. gregarious 4. belligerent

5. erudite 6. indolent 7. dogmatic 8. affable 9. aloof

10. benevolent 11. capricious 12. eccentric

Pg 21

(c) a. x/ii b. ix c. vii/iii d. xi e. vi f. viii g. iii/vii h. iv i. v

j. x/ii k. xii l. i

Good Qualities and Character Flaws 2

(a) 1. a 2. a 3. a 4. b 5. a 6. a 7. b 8. a 9. a 10. b

11. b 12. a 13. b 14. a 15. b 16. b

(b) 1. steadfastly 2. wilfulness 3. stoicism 4. vociferously

5. wistfully 6. Scrupulousness 7. sanguinely 8. insolently

9. mendaciousness 10. mercuriality 11. irascibility

12. pensively 13. pernicketiness 14. Recalcitrance

15. sanguinely 16. quixotically

Pg 22

Types of People and their Roles

(a) A.3 B.11 C.10 D.6 E.5 F.4 G.7 H.8 I.9 J.2 K.1

(b) 1. mediator 2. mentor 3. patriach 4. partisan 5. denizen

6. mercenary 7. luminary 8. subordinate 9. villain

10. proponent 11. protagonist 12. aristocrat

Ugly characteristics

(a) A. 1 B. 5 C. 9 D. 2 E. 7 F. 6 G. 3 H. 4 I. 8

Pg 23

(b) 1. self-righteous 2. brazeness 3. quarrelsome 4. truculence

5. meddlesome 6. clinging 7. remorse 8. audacity

9. vindictiveness

Story: The Hopeless Romantic

1. a 2. a 3. b 4. b 5. a 6. a 7. a 8. a 9. b 10. b

11. c 12. c 13. c 14. d 15. a

UNIT 6

Pg 24

Homelessness

(A) 1. took

2. exposed

3. obligated-cast/thrust

4. turn

5. ridden/exploit/lead

6. weathered

7. bottle

8. live

9. struggling-thrust/cast

10. preyed

11. turn/plunge

12. carry

13. crying 14. living 15. scrounge 16. sponging

17. hit/addicted/torn 18. pilfering

(B) a. viii b. iii c. ii d. iv e. i

Pg 25

(C) 1. on the margins (of society]

2. run amok

3. loitering with

intent

4. down-and-out

5. on the game

(D) a.iii b.i c.xi d.ix e.vi f.v g.x h.vii i.viii j.iv k.ii

(E) 1. domestic violence/chequered history

2. emotional

scars/illicit drugs

3. parental guidance/sleeping rough

4. Substance abuse/soup kitchen

5. kerb crawling/people

trafficking/black market

The Role of Education in the Developing World

1. illiteracy

2. innumeracy

3. initiatives

4. impoverished

5. emancipation

6. initiatives

7. privileged

8. trappings

9. preoccupied 10. intolerance

11. generation

12. unscrupulous

13. impoverished 14. extremism 15. understanding

16. irrespective 17. counterparts 18. tensions 19. empower

20. aspirations

Pg 26

Immigration and the Developing World

(A) 1. metropolises

2. asylum 3. cosmopolitan

4. surrogate

5. asylum 6. tangible

7. asylum 8. integration/assimilation

9. integration/assimilation 10. asylum 11. oppression

12. inferiority 13. obligation 14. sustenance/sanitation

15. sustenance/sanitation 16. malnutrition 17. deprivation

18. asylum 19. deportation 20. repercussions 21. starvation

22. corruption

23. inequity 24. indigenous 25. destitution

(B) 1. surrogate

2. oppression

3. metropolis

4. sanitation

5. cosmopolitan

6. inequity

7. destitution

8. indigenous

9. sustenance 10. inferiority

Poverty in the Developing World

(A) 1. limbo

2. despotic

3. hesitant

4. safeguard

5. ostensibly

6. subservient

7. squalor

8. corruption

9. devastation 10. underlying

11. unrest

12. disheartening

13. mortality 14. indigence 15. absolute

Pg 27

(B) 1. underlying

2. devastation

3. squalor

4. despotic

5. mortality

6. absolute

7. hesitant

8. corruption

9. subservient 10. safeguard

11. limbo

12. disheartening

13. indigence 14. ostensibly 15. unrest

(C) a. ii b. xi c. i d. x e.iv f. vii g. vi h. viii i. iii j. v k. ix

(D) 1. financial aid

2. rebel fighters

3. witch doctor

4. religious

zealot

5. refugee camp

6. regime change

7. debt relief

8. Racial tension 9. war crime 10. physical infrastructure

11. culture clash

2

UNIT 7

Pg 28

Your Hotel

(A) 1. a 2. c 3. c 4. a 5. a 6. d 7. b 8. c 9. a 10. b

11. d 12. a

(B) 1. quaint/picturesque 2. chic/trendy 3. subtle/inconspicuous

4. elegant/refined 5. garish/gaudy 6. remote/secluded

7. functional/utilitarian 8. immaculate/spotless

9. boisterous/rowdy 10. sombre/subdued 11. cramped/

cluttered 12. quirky/offbeat

Pg 29

Food - Cooking and Eating

(A) 1. simmer 2. Drizzle 3. Whisk 4. salivating 5. devoured

6. braised 7. Baste 8. Garnish 9. gorge 10. Marinate

11. Grill 12. Mincing 13. munch

(B) 1. scrumptious/delectable 2. bountiful

3. delectable/scrumptious 4. tangy 5. satiated 6. putrid

7. raw 8. starchy 9. soggy 10. rare 11. curdled

(C) 1. h 2. a 3. b 4. d 5. g 6. e 7. c 8. f

Pg 30

(D) 1. beverage 2. assortment 3. accompaniment 4. casserole

5. connoisseur 6. culinary 7. eatery 8. fare 9. fusion

10. palate 11. gourmet 12. consistency 13. inedible

14. nibble

Holidays

(A) a. iii b. i c. xi d. viii e.ii f. x g. ix h. vii i. vi j. iv k. v

1. gap year 2. ski lodge 3. double occupancy 4. cab fare

5. carry-on luggage 6. departure gate 7. air miles

Pg 31

(B) 1. fly/travel 2. put 3. disembark/exit 4. took 5. turned

6. delayed 7. tip 8. stranded/stuck - reopens/clears

9. clear

10. divert

(C) 1. amenities 2. capacity 3. jaunt 4. junket 5. keepsake

6. promenade 7. sabbatical 8. hiatus 9. retreat/recuperation

10. itinerary/downtime/hectic 11. regatta 12. diversion

(D) 1. domestic 2. board 3. cut short 4. delay

UNIT 8

Pg 32

(A) 1. conspicuous 2. breakdown 3. woes 4. chasm 5. crisis

6. amok 7. epidemic 8. inept 9. devices 10. obstinate

11. promiscuous 12. material

Teen issues

(a) 1. academic 2. unrealistic 3. pushy 4. self 5. suicide

6. virtual 7. social/friendship 8. social/friendship 9. sleep

10. antisocial 11. splendid 12. calorie 13. sedentary

14. morbidly

Pg 33

(b) 1. refined 2. ostracised 3. excluded 4. compromising

5. yielding 6. yearn 7. dabbling 8. involving 9. establishing

10. instilled 11. gratify 12. impart 13. foster 14. resist

15. become

Teen mischief - making

a. xviii b. xvii c. ii d. iv e. iii/viii

f. iii/viii

g. vii h. xiv i. xv

j. xiii

k. ix l. xii m. xi n. vi o. x p. xvi q. v r. i

1. flunking the class 2. getting up to no good 3. flouting the

rules

4. playing truant 5. vying for attention

Pg 34

Teen Relationships and Relationship Issues

1. going-broke/called 2. called/broke 3. chatting/ask

4. brushed 5. went 6. did 7. stood 8. breaking/call 9. fell

10. fell

Issues affecting School- and College-leavers

(a) a. iii b. i c. v d. ii e. iv f. vii g. vi h. viii

(b) 1. spiralling out of control 2. prohibitive cost of third level

education 3. burden of debt 4. vetting candidates

5. diminishing value of a college education 6. saddled with debt

7. let down by the system 8. priced out of the market

Pg 35

Life for 20-something-year-olds

1. balance 2. rat race 3. climate 4. exorbitant 5. commuter

belt 6. suburbia 7. brownie points 8. midnight oil 9. toil

Buying a house

1. revelation 2. proportion 3. deposit 4. bust 5. negative

equity

6. arrears

7. foreclosure 8. repossession 9. plummet

10. Prudence

UNIT 9

Pg 36

Three of a Kind: Find the missing word

1. body 2. pain 3. skin 4. eye 5. muscle 6. cells 7. bone

Medical Abbreviations

1. Emergency Room 2. Accident and Emergency 3. Sexual

Transmitted Disease 4. Intensive Care Unit 5. General

Practitioner

6. Dead on Arrival 7. Ear, Nose and Throat

8. Tuberculosis 9. Post Mortem (autopsy)

Pg 37

Word Association

(a) a. xiii b. xii c. i d. ii e. iii f. ix g. viii h. iv i. v j. vi

k. vii l. xi m. x n. xiv

(b) 1. Bipolar disorder 2. terminal illness 3. critical condition

4. surgical procedure 5. cardiac arrest 6. digestive system

7. general anaesthetic 8. biological clock 9. infectious disease

10. malignant tumour 11. allergic reaction 12. clinical trial

13. congenital disorder 14. post- operative consultation

(c) Post-operative consultation / malignant tumour / surgical

procedure / general anaesthetic / allergic reaction / biological

clock

Pg 38

Word Transformation

1. deficiency 2. dependency

3. defective 4. immunity

5. Spinal 6. prescription 7. therapeutic 8. hereditary

9. elective 10. remission 11. morbidly 12. prognosis

13. diagnosis 14. symptomatic 15. impairment

Word Association 2

(a) a. xi b. viii c. v/ii

d. x/iv

e. v/ii

f. i g. vii h. iii i. vi

j. x/iv

k. ix l. xii

(b) admitted / amputated / probed / administered / discontinued

/ dressed / analysed / deliver / sedated

Pg 39

Odd One Out

(a) 1. b 2. d 3. d 4. c 5. c 6. b 7. d 8. b 9. c 10. a

11. a 12. b

(b) I. bleeding II. forceps III. fracture IV. brace V. stretcher

VI. spot

VII. comatose VIII. phlegm IX. diarrhoea

X. infectious/contagious XI. lethal

XII. doner

Fifty : fifty

1. outpatient 2. chronic 3. sling 4. seizures 5. prognosis

6. benign 7. dementia

3

UNIT 10

Pg 40

Marketing and Advertising

(a) a. ii

b. v c. i d. iv e. vi f. viii

g. iii h. vii i. x j. ix k. xi

(b) a. iv b. v c. vi d. iii e. vii f. ii g. ix h. viii i. i j. xiv

k. x l. xiii m. xi n. xii

(c) 1. the classifieds 2. the watershed 3. jingle 4. brand

recognition 5. Prime time 6. cold calling 7. focus group

8. generic advertising

9. negative publicity 10. logo

11. subliminal messages 12. slogan

Pg 41

(d) 1. ratings 2. demographics 3. viewers(hip)

4. penetrating

5. subscription 6. merchandise 7. placement

(e) 1. circulation 2. cash cow 3. target market 4. trade

magazine 5. direct mail 6. pitch 7. soundbites 8. market

share 9. agency 10. buzzword 11. spread 12. tabloid

13. press 14. infomercial/spot

In the news

(a) a.ii b.iii c.vi d.iv / v

e.vii f.iv / v

g.i h.viii i.xi j.ix k.x

(b) 1. journalistic privilege 2. rolling news 3. editorial bias

4. terrestrial television

Pg 42

(c) 1. cut

2. withdraw/issue 3. issued 4. issued

5. broke/protecting 6. streamed 7. cut/spoofed 8. caused

9. anchored 10. round 11. went 12. verified 13. chasing

14. launched 15. cross 16. lead 17. made 18. interrupt

Hollywood and the Film Industry

(a) a. xi b. x c. i

d. ii e. v f. iv g. ix h. viii i. iii j. vi k. vii

(b) 1. feature film 2. opening night

3. general release

4. movie premiere

5. release date 6. ensemble cast

7. leading lady 8. critical reception 9. tour de force

performance 10. red carpet 11. final cut

Pg 43

(c) 1. screen test 2. running time 3. post-production 4. extra

5. sequel 6. method 7. typecast 8. anticlimactic

9. mainstream

10. cliffhanger 11. tearjerker 12. swash-

buckler 13. plot 14. adaptation 15. flop 16. chemistry

17. protagonist

18. stock 19. remake 20. screenplay

(d) 1. cast 2. shortlisted 3. based 4. adapted 5. picked

6. inspired 7. stays

Pg 44

The music industry

(a) 1. xii 2. xiii 3. vi 4. v 5. xiv 6. iii 7. ii

8. i 9. viii

10. x 11. vii 12. xi 13. ix 14. iv

(b) 1. signed 2. cover 3. mimed 4. gave 5. doing

6. cracked 7. collaborated 8. bringing 9. sales 10. added

11. top 12. lift 13. fill 14. went

(c) 1. posthumous 2. supporting 3. demo 4. ballads

5. playlist 6. key/tune

7. range 8. key/tune-flat

Pg 45

(d) 1. vii 2. iv 3. i 4. viii 5. vi 6. iii 7. v 8. ii

(e) 1. house band 2. supporting act 3. studio album 4. indie

music 5. easy listening 6. booking agent 7. road manager

8. recording contract

The critics and reviews

(a) 1. acclaim 2. hype / abysmal 3. interwoven / compelling

4. Lauded 5. consensus 6. frenetic / suspense / finale

7. unparalleled/virtuoso 8. unanimous/amplify

9. groundbreaking/authentic 10. incoherent/ensemble

Pg 46

(b) raved / scratched / tackle / delved / missed / promises /

delivers / conveyed / evoking / trivialised / come

(c) 1. nailbiting 2. harrowing 3. enigmatic 4. intoxicating

5. visceral 6. buoyant 7. unapologetic 8. engaging

9. pretentious 10. refreshing

(d) 1. refreshing 2. unapologetic 3. harrowing 4. buoyant

5. engaging

6. nailbiting 7. pretentious 8. enigmatic

9. intoxicating

10. visceral

(e) 1. riveting, spellbinding, enthralling, absorbing, enrapturing,

gripping, fascinating, captivating

2. dull, vapid, prosaic, wearisome, insipid, bromidic, pedestrian,

lustreless

Pg 47

Television, Radio and the Internet

(a) 1. pay-per-view - cable - hopping 2. wireless - broadband

- bluetooth 3. server - search engine - firewall 4. social -

broadcast - premiere 5. anti-virus - open-source - upgrade

6. reality - prime-time - studio

(b) terminal / watershed / commercial / infomercials / Terrestrial /

stock / pickings / netizen

(c) 1. opens 2. presents/poses

3. monitor/control

4. keep/stay

5. willing/prepared

6. rely/depend/count

7. protected 8. returned 9. hide/run

10. spreading

UNIT 11

Pg 48

The Developing World and Global Warming

(a) a. xiv b. i c. vi d. ix e.ii f. iv g. iii h. viii i. vii j. v

k. xi l. x m. xii n. xiii

(b) 1. two-tiered society

2. two-tiered/ society 3. resource-rich

countries 4. blood diamonds 5. corrupt administrations 6.

turning a blind eye 7. injection of funds 8. the general populous

9. carbon footprint 10. the greater good 11. point the finger at

12. show some restraint 13. reaped the rewards 14. enjoy the

fruits 15. environmental protection

(c) 1. tacit approval 2. shady deals

Pg 49

Environmental Issues in the Developing World

(a) 1. rung 2. scream 3. disregard

4. face 5. habitats

6. plains 7. poaching 8. tusks 9. premium 10. limbs

11. trinkets 12. verge 13. lucrative 14. scorn 15. trophy

16. executioner 17. capital 18. trigger

(b) 1. pay a premium 2. on the face of it 3. irrevocable harm

4. to the verge of extinction 5. trophy hunter 6. trigger happy

7. judge, jury and executioner 8. scream bloody murder

9. on the bottom rung of the ladder

(c) 1. scorn 2. slain 3. rife 4. delinquents

Pg 50

Environmental Issues in the Developing World 2

(a) 1. motivated 2. caught up 3. push … out 4. encroaching

5. diminishing 6. wins out 7. prowling 8. stampeding

9. flattening 10. compel 11. nullify 12. claim

13. compromises 14. contributing 15. expansion 16. ceded

(b) a. i b. ix c. viii d. vii e. ii f. iv g. v h. iii i. vi

(c) 1. innate 2. conscience 3. ecosystem 4. cultivation

5. swathe 6. Deforestation 7. desertification 8. agrarian

9. arid

Pg 51

Environmental Issues in the Developing World 3

1. a 2. b 3. a 4. b 5. b 6. d 7. c 8. a 9. b 10. c

4

Abbreviations

1. Non-governmental Organization 2. Carbon Dioxide

3. Methane Gas 4. World Wide Fund (for Nature)

5. Genetically Modified Food 6. chlorofluorocarbons

Pg 52

Observed Global Climate Change

1. concurrence 2. registered 3. intensified 4. convince

5. localised

6. fluctuation 7. observed/registered 8. alarming

9. onset 10. occurrence

Causes of Climate Change

(a) 1. absorption 2. emission 3. conducive 4. occurrence

5. inhospitable 6. concentrations 7. deforestation

8. consumption 9. depletion 10. unrelated 11. abundance

12. dependence 13. emergence 14. extraction 15. irre-

versible

(b) 1. exacerbating 2. reverse 3. intensification

4. penetrating

5. reflected 6. emitted

Pg 53

Common Collocations to do with Global Warming, the Environ-

ment and Nature

(a) a. xiv b. i c. xii d. ix e. ii f. iv g. iii h. viii i. vii j. v

k. xiii l. x m. xi n. vi

(b) a. vii b. i c. xiv d. vi e. iii f. ii g. ix h. x i. xiii j. viii

k. xi l. xii m. v n. iv

(c) a. ii b. iii c. v d. vii e. vi f. xiv g. ix h. x i. xiii j. viii

k. xi l. i m. xii n. iv

Pg 54

The Potential Consequences of Global Warming

1. deglaciation/retreat 2. cover/extent

3. frequency

4. diversity/vulnerable 5. decimate 6. erosion

7. inundated/displacement 8. migration/refugees/inhospitable

Doing our bit for the environment

1. lobbying 2. forming

3. ensuring 4. fitting 5. separating

6. switching 7. ensuring 8. substituting 9. arranging

10. fitting 11. upgrading 12. exploiting 13. subsidising

14. providing 15. protecting 16. prosecuting 17. enacting

18. investing 19. adhering 20. sponsoring

21. releasing

Pg 55

The Natural World

a. cull b. run c. stock d. prey e. ban f. adverse g. tropics

h. conservation i. resurgent j. identity

k. gestation l. heat

m. solitary n. breach o. apex p. alpha q. Placental

r. indigenous s. predation t. status u. eradication v. nesting

w. sheds x. insulation y. range z. territory a1. stray b1. feral

UNIT 12

Pg 56

(A) 1.a 2.b 3.d 4.a 5.c 6.d 7.d 8.b 9.b 10.a

11.a 12.a 13.a 14.d 15.b 16.c 17.a 18.c 19.c 20.c

Pg 57

(B) 1. quashed 2. quench 3. replenish 4. reproached

5. reverberated 6. revered 7. salvaged 8. scattered

9. shattered 10. shunned 11. squandered 12. prevailed

13. proliferated 14. vindicated 15. strive 16. subjugated

Pg 58

(C) 1. ponderous – slow and awkward, boring 2. precipitous –

steep 3. presumptuous – disrespectful and brazen/ rude in

speech or behaviour

4. treacherous – extremely dangerous

5. tentative – careful, uncertain of being completed 6. volatile –

dangerously unpredictable, infrequent 7. sketchy – containing

few details, vague 8. sporadic – occasional 9. taciturn – saying

little 10. surreptitious – discrete, secret 11. tenacious – deter-

mined 12. superfluous – unnecessary 13. prudent – careful

and cautious 14. provident – making provision for the future

15. reciprocal – connected so that one completes the other 16.

scrupulous – having moral integrity 17. reclusive – withdrawn,

very anti-social

18. petulant – rude in speech/disrespectful and brazen

19. nocturnal – active at night 20. ghastly – awful 21. haughty

– overly proud of self 22. intrepid – resolutely fearless

23. noxious – physically harmful 24. nominal – in name or

thought only 25. heterogenous – made up of different parts of

things

(D) 1. haughty 2. ghastly 3. noxious 4. nominal 5. nocturnal

6. reciprocal 7. reclusive 8. intrepid 9. sporadic 10. sketchy

11. precipitous 12. volatile 13. ponderous 14. superfluous

15. surreptitious

Pg 59

(E) 1. stifle 2. vilified 3. revered 4. postulate 5. pillaged

6. perched 7. pervades 8. endeavour 9. exacerbate

10. extolled 11. disparaging 12. alleviate 13. curtail

14. enchanted 15. grumble 16. instigated 17. lamented

18. annexed 19. concocted 20. maligned 21. ingratiate

22. chastised 23. elucidated 24. enthralled

Pg 60

(F) 1. a person with great ability that shows itself early on in life

2. nearness to something

3. basic 4. a novice, someone new

to an activity

5. a lot of angry complaints about something

6. the expression of strong feelings

7. a trace, mark or sign left

by something which has now disappeared

8. general

agreement, majority of opinion

9. the act of weakening or dam-

aging by harassment, abuse or attack

10. vague, unclear, un-

certain, open to interpretation

11. ill will or bad feeling

12. dishonest talk or behaviour, saying contradictory things to

different sides

13. a barrier to progress, an obstacle

14. a

slight difference in appearance, meaning, or sound etc.

15. sickness, when you feel ill enough to vomit

16. a right you

have not necessarily afforded to everyone

17. abuse, lack of

care, failure to carry out your responsibilities

18. exposure to

death, loss, threat etc., at risk

(G) 1. animosity 2. ambiguous 3. attrition 4. jeopardy

5. consensus 6. prerogative 7. impediment

8. neglect

9. rudimentary 10. nuances 11. Nausea 12. tyro 13. vestige

14. prodigy 15. proximity 16. uproar 17. duplicity

18. vehemence

Pg 61

(H) 1. rigorous 2. rancorous 3. tremorous

4. vigilant 5. vain

6. gluttonous 7. hypocritical 8. philanthropic 9. diligent

10. aromatic 11. deferential 12. comprehensive 13. meddlesome

14. self-effacing

15. officious / official

16. indulgent

17. reverential 18. vindictive

(I) 1. vindictive

2. official 3. reverential

4. meddlesome

5. aromatic 6. deferential

7. vain 8. gluttonous 9. rigorous

10. diligent 11. self-effacing

12. indulgent 13. comprehensive

14. philanthropic 15. vigilant 16. tremorous

17. rancorous

18. hypocritical

Pg 62

(J) 1. a 2. c 3. c 4. a 5. a 6. b 7. b 8. a 9. d 10. a

11. d 12. d 13. a 14. b 15. a 16. c 17. a 18. c 19. c

20. a 21. b 22. c 23. d 24. d 25. c

Pg 63

(K) 1. quibble 2. throwback 3. gaffe

4. puissance

5. penchant / predilection

6. propensity 7. aberration 8. pen-

chant / predilection

(L) 1. quintessential 2. cumbersome 3. feckless 4. fallible

5. indecorous 6. pedantic

5

Key

Features

TheVocobulary

Files

series

consists

of

6

Books

for

CEF

Levels:

Al-

A2

-

Bl

-

82

-

Cl-

C2

The

aim of the

series

is

to

give

students

the

chance

to

expand

their

vocabulary

in

different

areas.

Each

unit

deals

with

a

common

Vocabulary

topic.

ln

the

C2 book the

vocabularT

is

taught through

a

variety

of

exercises.

This

series can be used

as

Time

Fillers;

when teachers

have

some extra

time

and

they

need

something

to

do

to

help

students

revise

what they

have already been

taught. Alternatively,

it

can

also

be

used

to

help

weal<

students enrich

their

vocabulary

in various

common topics.

Levels

B

I

,

82,

C

I

and

C2

in

this

series

have also

been

written

for

students

who

are

planning

to

take

the

IELTS

exam.

They cover some of

the

main

vocabulary

points

that

IELTS

candidates

will

need

for

the

Listening,

Reading,

Writing

and Speaking sections

of the

exam.

The

vocabulary

that

students

acquire

in each

of these books

will

help

them

to

achieve

the

score

they

want

in

the

IELTS

exam.

The

l5

units

in each

of these

books, focus

on topic-specific vocabulary

areas,

which

may

be required

in

the

lEITS exam

(for

example, economy, education,

health,

etc).

Some Exercises focus on general

vocabulary items, which

can be used in all aspects

of

the

English language. Many

of

these

words

are

relevant

to

specific tasks in

the

IELTS

exam

(for

example, describing how something

works, writing

a

letter or

describing a house).

The

C

I

&

C2

bool<s

also

focus

on the

Academic

Word

List. These

are

some of

the

most

frequently

used

words

in academic

texts.

Students need

to

learn such

words

in

order to

get

a high

score

at

the

IELTS,

the

Cambridge

CPE

or

the

TOEFL exam,

and

study

in

an

English

speaking

university.