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Mục lục
HƯỚNG DẪN SỬ DỤNG TÀI LIỆU ................................................................................................4
CHART .........................................................................................................................................5
1.
Chủ ngữ chỉ biểu đồ .................................................................................................................... 6
2.
Mô tả xu hướng tăng .................................................................................................................. 6
3.
Mô tả xu hướng giảm .................................................................................................................. 7
4.
Trạng từ, Tính từ chỉ cường độ ................................................................................................... 7
5.
Mô tả số liệu đạt đỉnh, chạm đáy ................................................................................................ 8
6.
Số liệu/ xu hướng trong tương lai .............................................................................................. 8
7.
Mô tả đối tượng chiếm bao nhiêu phần trăm ............................................................................. 9
8.
Mô tả số phần ............................................................................................................................. 9
9.
Paraphrase thời gian ................................................................................................................... 9
10.
Paraphrase các nhóm tuổi ..................................................................................................... 10
11.
Paraphrase chi tiêu ................................................................................................................ 10
12.
Doanh thu bán hàng .............................................................................................................. 11
13.
Lợi nhuận .............................................................................................................................. 11
14.
Paraphrase sản xuất/tiêu thụ ................................................................................................ 11
15.
Paraphrase tỷ lệ thất nghiệp ................................................................................................. 11
16.
Paraphrase số người nghèo/tỷ lệ nghèo khó......................................................................... 11
17.
Paraphrase phương tiện giao thông ...................................................................................... 12
18.
Mô tả đa số/phần lớn............................................................................................................ 12
19.
Mô tả ít/thiểu số ................................................................................................................... 12
MAP ..........................................................................................................................................13
1.
Miêu tả vị trí .............................................................................................................................. 14
2.
Miêu tả sự phá hủy, biến mất ................................................................................................... 14
3.
Miêu tả sự xuất hiện, xây mới................................................................................................... 14
4.
Miêu tả sự thay đổi về kích cỡ .................................................................................................. 15
5.
Miêu tả sự thay thế ................................................................................................................... 15
6.
Miêu tả sự thay đổi mục đích sử dụng ...................................................................................... 15
7.
Miêu tả sự di chuyển, thay đổi về vị trí ..................................................................................... 16
8.
Miêu tả sự không thay đổi ........................................................................................................ 16
9.
Từ vựng chỉ vị trí ....................................................................................................................... 16
10.
Từ vựng chỉ phương hướng .................................................................................................. 17
3
11.
Những từ thường gặp mô tả sự thay đổi/phát triển. ............................................................ 18
12.
Cụm danh từ hay gặp ............................................................................................................ 18
PROCESS ...................................................................................................................................19
1.
Paraphrase introduction ........................................................................................................... 20
1.
Paraphrase overview................................................................................................................. 20
2.
Mô tả giai đoạn đầu tiên ........................................................................................................... 20
3.
Mô tả các giai đoạn tiếp theo .................................................................................................... 20
4.
Mô tả đoạn kết .......................................................................................................................... 20
5.
Từ vựng thường dùng cho man-made process ......................................................................... 21
6.
Từ vựng thường dùng cho natural process ............................................................................... 21
4
HƯỚNG DẪN SỬ DỤNG TÀI LIỆU
Tài liệu này sẽ cung cấp cho các bạn từ vựng thường được sử dụng trong phần Writing Task 1, và
các từ đồng nghĩa tương ứng.
Cách sử dụng tài liệu:
Đầu tiên, bạn nên đọc qua toàn bộ tài liệu để nắm được khái quát nội dung. Trong khi luyện tập
một dạng đề bất kì, trước tiên các bạn nên phân tích tổng quát đề, sau đó sử dụng phím “Ctrl+F”
để tìm từ vựng phù hợp với dạng bài trong tài liệu và áp dụng vào bài viết (tham khảo hình minh
hoạ bên dưới).
Để có thể áp dụng một cách chính xác từ vựng vào bài viết, các bạn nên đồng thời sử dụng từ
điển để tra từ, hiểu rõ ngữ cảnh sử dụng của chúng trước khi áp dụng vào bài. Đối với dạng bài
biểu đồ số liệu, các bạn có thể vẽ hình minh hoạ cho từ vựng để có thể ghi nhớ chúng một cách
dễ dàng hơn.
Chúc các bạn học tốt!!!
~IELTS Xuân Phi~
Tài liệu này được tham khảo từ nguồn:
•
The Complete Guide to IELTS Writing Task 1 by Phil Biggerton
•
IELTS Academic Writing Task 1: The Ultimate Guide with Practice to Get a Target Band
Score of 8.0+ In 10 Minutes a Day by Rachel Mitchell
5
CHART
6
1.
Chủ ngữ chỉ biểu đồ
1
The chart
The graph
2
show
illustrate
demonstrate
give information about/regarding
provide information about/regarding
compare
indicate
Ví dụ 1: The graph/chart demonstrates/illustrates the housing preference for four different
types of houses in the UK in 2009.
Ví dụ 2: The chart compares the proportion of people working in three different sectors in a
town of England in 2003.
2.
Mô tả xu hướng tăng
a.
Từ vựng chung mô tả xu hướng tăng
Verb
Noun
Increase
Increase
Climb
Climb
Rise
Rise
Grow
Growth
Ascend
Ascent
Go up
-
Swell
-
Ví dụ 1: Daily oil production saw/witnessed a considerable increase/ascent to…
Ví dụ 2: The amount of paper and packaging produced ascended considerably to 250 million
tons in 1990.
b.
Từ vựng mô tả xu hướng tăng mạnh
Verb
Noun
Soar
Soar
Rocket
Rocket
Surge
Surge
Balloon
-
Ví dụ 1: the population in China rocketed to 1414.00 million by the end of 2022.
Ví dụ 2: the number of male participants in the Olympics witnessed an upsurge to 6000 in
1984.
7
c.
Từ vựng mô tả xu hướng tăng nhẹ
Verb
Noun
Inch
-
Crawl
Crawl
Ví dụ 1: The average salary earned by high school teachers in Vietnam crawl to $200 per
month.
Ví dụ 2: Stocks slowly inched upward in March.
3.
Mô tả xu hướng giảm
a.
Từ vựng chung mô tả xu hướng giảm
Verb
Noun
Decrease
Decrease
Decline
Decline
Fall
Fall
Reduce
Reduction
Drop/Dip
Drop/Dip
Go down
-
descend
descent
Ví dụ 1: The number of cases of robbery in Manchester city centre witnessed/saw/exhibited a
two-fold decline, from 3500 in 2003 to 1750 in 2008.
Ví dụ 2: The rate of young individuals opted for cars in the USA fell slightly by 20%...
b.
Từ vựng chung mô tả xu hướng giảm mạnh
Verb
Noun
Plummet
Plummet
Plunge
Plunge
Nosedive
Nosedive
Ví dụ 1: The number of visitors to British Museum saw a plunge/plummet to only 400,000 in
2019.
Ví dụ 2: The rate of males who were overweight in Australia nosedived to just under 30% in
1990.
4.
Trạng từ, Tính từ chỉ cường độ
a.
Cường độ nhanh/đáng kể/mạnh
Adverb
Adjective
Rapidly
Rapid
Dramatically
Dramatic
Considerably
Considerable
Significantly
Significant
8
Sharply
Sharp
Remarkably
Remarkable
Markedly
Marked
Ví dụ 1: The rate of home owner increased remarkably to 60% in 1980
Ví dụ 2: The average amount of water discarded witnessed a sharp descent of over 600 million
tons at the end of the period.
b.
Cường độ chậm/không đáng kể/nhỏ
Adverb
Adjective
Slowly
Slow
Steadily (Đều đặn)
Steady (Đều đặn)
Gradually (Dần Dần)
Gradual (Dần Dần)
Modestly
Modest
Moderately
Moderate
Slightly
Slight
Marginally
Marginal
Minimally
Minimal
Ví dụ 1: The number of enquiries made in person grew steadily to 800 in March.
Ví dụ 2: The number of telephone enquiries exhibited a gradual rise to 500 in January.
5.
Mô tả số liệu đạt đỉnh, chạm đáy
Verb (Đạt đỉnh)
Verb (Chạm đáy)
Peak at/Top at
(chỉ dùng khi số liệu đạt đỉnh trong quãng
thời gian, không dùng với năm cuối)
Bottom at
(chỉ dùng khi số liệu chạm đáy trong quãng
thời gian, không dùng với năm cuối)
Reach a peak of
(chỉ dùng khi số liệu đạt đỉnh trong quãng
thời gian, không dùng với năm cuối)
Hit a trough at
(chỉ dùng khi số liệu chạm đáy trong quãng
thời gian, không dùng với năm cuối)
Hit the highest value on record of
Hit the lowest value on record of
Hit a record-high of
Hit a record-low of
Ví dụ 1: The number of jobs in sport and leisure peaked at/reached a peak of 1600 in 2004.
Ví dụ 2: The numner of jobs in travel and tours travel and tours bottomed at/hit a trough at
700 in 1999.
6.
Số liệu/ xu hướng trong tương lai
S + tobe (is/are) …
predicted
to V…
projected
estimated
calculated
expected
9
Ví dụ: The percentage of tourists to Scotland visiting Aquarium is predicted/projected to
increase considerably to 7 thousand people.
7.
Mô tả đối tượng chiếm bao nhiêu phần trăm
S + …
account for
…%
make up
take up
constitute
comprise
Ví dụ: The manufacturing sector accounted for/constituted/comprised half of the total
population in town A in 1960.
8.
Mô tả số phần
50%
A half of…
33%
a third/ one-third
25%
A quarter
20%
A fifth
10%
A tenth
75%
Three-quarters
4%-10%
A tiny fraction/portion/a very small portion
24%
Almost a quarter
>75%
A very large proportion
Ví dụ: People over 55 took up/made up over half of the total quantity of visitors to the local
cinema in 2000.
9.
Paraphrase thời gian
1
from … to …
between … and …
over a period of … year(s)
over a …-year period
2
every year
each year
per year
yearly
annually
on an annual basis
3
every day
each day
per day
daily
on a daily basis
4
every week
each week
per week
weekly
on a weekly basis
10
5
during the period shown
during this timeframe
during the given period
6
Over the given period
Throughout the period shown.
Ví dụ 1: There was an overall downward trend in the figures for all categories over the given
period/throughout the period shown.
Ví dụ 2: From 1980 to 2000, the amount of oil consumed daily/the daily consumption of oil
grew remarkably from 30 million tons to approximately 100 million tons.
10.
Paraphrase các nhóm tuổi
•
Ví dụ với người thuộc nhóm tuổi từ 30-39
people aged 30 to 39
people falling into the 30 to 39 age group
people between 30 and 39 years old
30-to 39-year-old people
30-to 39-year-olds
the 30-39 age group
the 30-39s
people in their thirties.
People in the age range of 30 to 39
•
Ví dụ với nhóm người trên 50 tuổi
people aged 50 or more
elderly/older people aged 50 or over
people aged 50 and over
people aged 50 or older
•
Ví dụ với nhóm người dưới 50 tuổi
people aged 50 or under
young people aged 50 or under
people aged 50 or younger
Ví dụ 1: The rate of females falling into the 20 to 24 age group/20-to 24-year-old females
stood at 65% in 1966.
Ví dụ 2: The rate of males over 60/males aged 60 or older in Japan declined minimally to 75%
in 2020.
11.
Paraphrase chi tiêu
1
The spending on
The expenditure on…
The amount of money spent on…
The expense of buying …
2
average weekly spending
weekly spending figures/date
3
spent on average
The average expenditure
Ví dụ 1: The average spending/expenditure on clothing by residents in London increased
sharply to 70% in the last year.
Ví dụ 2: Leisure/education expenditure accounted for a tenth of the total spending in 2002.
11
12.
Doanh thu bán hàng
Sales of X
Turnover from X
Ví dụ: The figure for weekly turnover doubled to $70,000.
13.
Lợi nhuận
1
profit
Financial return share
2
A gained the highest amount of
profit
A was the greatest beneficiary
A was the greatest profit recipient
Ví dụ 1: Shippers and sellers were the greatest beneficiaries, receiving 55% of the total profit.
Ví dụ 2: Explorers and producers enjoyed an equal rate of financial return share, at 10% each.
14.
Paraphrase sản xuất/tiêu thụ
1
the production/manufacture of X
X production/manufacture
the amount/number of X made/manufactured
2
The consumption of X
X consumption
The amount/number of X consumed
Ví dụ: The consumption of oil/the amount of oil consumed increased sharply to…
15.
Paraphrase tỷ lệ thất nghiệp
Unemployment rates
Levels of unemployment
Levels of joblessness
Unemployment levels
The proportion of people who were unemployed
The proportion of people who were jobless
The proportion of people without work
Ví dụ: Unemployment rates in London and Manchester fell again for the
third consecutive month.
16.
Paraphrase số người nghèo/tỷ lệ nghèo khó
1
poor people
People living under the poverty line
People living in extreme poverty
Impoverished people
Disadvantaged people
Underpriviledged people
2
poverty rates
Poverty levels
Levels of poverty
Rates of poverty
Ví dụ 1: The proportions of single parent and couple without children living under the poverty
line both saw a two-fold decline to under 20% and 10% respectively.
Ví dụ 2: The official poverty rate in 2020 was 11.4%.
12
17.
Paraphrase phương tiện giao thông
1
forms of transport
means of transport
modes of transport
2
The number of people driving by cars
The number of car users
The number of travelers driving by cars
The number of commuters traveling by cars
The number of people traveling by cars
Ví dụ 1: The graph illustrates the preference for different means of transport in the UK in 2009.
Ví dụ 2: The number of car users in Liverpool soared to 700,000 in 2003.
18.
Mô tả đa số/phần lớn
The majority of…
Make up a significant part
The lion’s share of…
By far the most…
The vast majority…
Ví dụ 1: In town B, sales attracted the majority of the workforce in 2009.
Ví dụ 2: The rate of workers in manufacturing made up a significant part of the workforce in
town A in 2015.
19.
Mô tả ít/thiểu số
The minority of…
A small stake
Hold a rather miniscule share
Make up an insignificant part
Ví dụ 1: Travel took up the minority of the total rate of sales in the first year of the period with
only 36%.
Ví dụ 2: The amount of energy manufactured from petro hold a rather miniscule share of the
total rate of energy production in Afghanistan in 2000, at 20%.
13
MAP
14
1.
Miêu tả vị trí
Verb
Noun
be situated in / located in
situation / location
stand/lie/flow
-
Ví dụ:
•
The coffee shop is located/situated in the centre of the city.
•
The secondary school is located to the north of the river.
•
A river stood in the South-Eastern corner of the village.
2.
Miêu tả sự phá hủy, biến mất
Verb
Noun
destroy
destruction
demolish
demolition
cut down
cutting down
knock down
knocking down
remove
removement
destroy
destruction
clear
clearance
chop down
chopping down
disappear
disappearance
pull down
pulling down
flatten
fattening
Ví dụ:
•
The school disappeared
•
The school was demolished/ destroyed/ knocked down.
•
The trees was cleared/ chopped down/ cut down.
3.
Miêu tả sự xuất hiện, xây mới
Verb
Noun
introduce
introduction
add
addition
erect
erection
construct
construction
build
building
appear
appearance
Ví dụ:
15
•
A new hospital was built/was constructed/was erected next to the park.
•
A new hospital appeared next to the park.
4.
Miêu tả sự thay đổi về kích cỡ
Verb
Noun
expand
expansion
become bigger in size
-
become smaller in size
-
shrink
shrinking
narrow
narrowing
enlarge
enlargement
shorten
shortening
lengthen
lengthening
Ví dụ:
•
Between 2001 and 2006, the park was slightly expanded/ extented/ widened to the
South.
•
The restaurant was dramatically narrowed by 1993.
•
The railway line was slightly shortened from 1990 to 2000.
•
During the following 5 years, the street was significantly lengthened.
5.
Miêu tả sự thay thế
Verb
Noun
replace
replacement
make /give way for
-
make /give room for
-
build in place of
-
build on the original site of
-
Ví dụ:
•
The swimming pool was demolished to make way for a new block.
•
The swimming pool was demolished and replaced by a new block.
•
A new block was built to replace the swimming pool.
•
A new block was built on the original site of the swimming pool.
6.
Miêu tả sự thay đổi mục đích sử dụng
Verb
Noun
repurpose
-
16
renovate into
renovation
covert into
conversion
redevelop into
redevelopment
Ví dụ:
•
The old house was renovated/converted into a coffee shop.
•
The swimming pool was repurposed as a garden.
7.
Miêu tả sự di chuyển, thay đổi về vị trí
Verb
Noun
relocate
relocation
move
-
Ví dụ:
•
The park was moved/relocated to the north of the village.
8.
Miêu tả sự không thay đổi
Verb
Noun
stay / remain unchanged
-
still exist
-
Ví dụ:
•
From 1990 to 2000, the house stayed/emained unchanged.
•
From 1990 to 2000, the house still existed
9.
Từ vựng chỉ vị trí
Từ
Ví dụ
in front of
The railway line is in front of five apartment
blocks.
opposite
The coffee shop is opposite the lake.
next to
adjacent to
near
beside
The park is next to a shoe store.
to/in the left/right of
The car park is to the right of a hospital
between … and
A high-rise building had been built between the sports
center and a book store.
the middle of
The river runs through the middle of the town
alongside
The railway runs alongside the coast
17
run/pass through
A river runs through the middle of the town
A river passes through the city center
along
There had been a lot of clothes stores constructed along the
main road
across
Across from the post office, a news agency was built.
10 miles from
10 miles to the right of
S1 is 5 kilometers from a golf course along the road
10.
Từ vựng chỉ phương hướng
Note: Luôn đi cùng giới từ THE
Noun
Adj
West
Western
East
Eastern
South
Southern
North
Northern
Northwest
Northwestern
Northeast
Northeastern
Southwest
Southwestern
Southeast
Southeastern
Ví dụ:
•
In the northwest corner
•
In the right/left-hand corner
•
In the northwest corner of/ area
of the city
•
In the heart of the city
•
The toy store was located/ situated in
the northwest corner of the city.
•
There is a ferry in the northeast cast
Haiphong.
•
In the south of the town, there is now
an airport.
•
To the south of the lake
•
To the south of the river
•
There was an airport to the south of the
lake.
•
It was located to the south of the main
road.
•
The north-west of
•
The southwest of the town used to be
an area with trees.
•
On the right/left side
•
on the other side of the town
•
There is a ferry port on the east side of
the town.
•
A completely new hospital has also been
built on the other side of town.
•
From west to east
•
A railway runs from the north to the
south of the town.
18
11.
Những từ thường gặp mô tả sự thay đổi/phát triển.
Verb
Noun
Meaning
industrialize
industrialization
công nghiệp hoá
modernize
modernization
hiện đại hoá
transform
transformation
biến đổi
urbanize
urbanization
đô thị hoá
pedestrianize
pedestrianization
chuyển thành khu đi bộ
12.
Cụm danh từ hay gặp
residential areas
residential housing
housing areas
housing estate
residential houses
industrial area
industrial estate
commercial area
commercial complex
high-rise building
skyscraper
parking lot
car park
woodland
forests
trees
intersection
roundabout
T intersection
Y intersection
coast
the bank of the river
traffic-free zone
pedestrian zone
19
PROCESS
20
1.
Paraphrase introduction
The diagram
illustrates/ shows/
describes
the process in which N is produced/ recycled/ made
the process of producing/ recycling/ making N
how N is produced/ recycled/ made
How to produce/ recycle/ make N
Ví dụ: The diagram below shows how ethanol fuel is produced from corn
➔
The diagram illustrates the process in which ethanol fuel is made from corn.
1.
Paraphrase overview
In general,
Generally,
Overall,
There are…. stages in the process, commencing with N and
culminating with N
The process consists of …. stages, beginning with N and ending with
N
The process involves … main steps/ stages beginning with N and
finishing with N
Ví dụ: In general, there are 9 stages in the process, commencing with corn being harvested and
culminating with ethanol being delivered to the gas station.
2.
Mô tả giai đoạn đầu tiên
Firstly,
To begin with,
In the first/ initial stage,
The process begins with
The first stage/step of the process is
Ví dụ: In the initial stage, corn is collected and then stored in a warehouse before being ready
for the milling stage.
3.
Mô tả các giai đoạn tiếp theo
In the next stage,
At the following stage,
The next stage is when
This is followed by/ Following this,
Subsequently/ In the subsequent step
After/ Before V-ing, S V O
The process continues with
Ví dụ: The process continues with water being added to the milled corn, then the mixture is
cooked for 4 hours.
4.
Mô tả đoạn kết
Finally,
The last/ final stage is that
The process finishes/ concludes with
Ví dụ: The final stage is that the purified ethanol is stored and transported to the gas station.
21
5.
Từ vựng thường dùng cho man-made process
Nghĩa
Từ vựng
Paraphrase
Vận chuyển
(to be) transported to
(to be) delivered to
Đặt (vào chỗ nào
đó)
(to be) placed + into
(to be) laid/put + into
Thu hoạch
(to be) harvested
(to be) collected/ gathered
Trộn (hỗn hợp)
(to be) mixed with
(to be) blend into
Tích trữ
(to be) stored
(to be) accumulated/
warehoused
Nghiền (thành
gì)
(to be) crushed into
(to be) ground into
Phơi nắng
(to be) baked in the sun
(to be) dried in the sun
Lọc (tạp chất)
(to be) removed
(to be) filtered out/ discarded
Phân loại
(to be) sorted
(to be) classified/ seperated
Đóng gói
(to be) packaged
(to be) wrapped
Đào
(to be) dug out
(to be) excavated
Nhuộm màu
(to be) colored
(to be) dyed
Lên men
(to be) fermented
To undergo a process of
fermentation
Bơm vào/ chảy
vào
Flow into
(to be) pumped/piped into
Ví dụ:
•
The corn undergoes a process of fermentation which lasts 48 hours.
•
Subsequently, solid by-product is filtered out from the fermented mixture.
•
Raw materials are dug out of the ground and transported to the factory.
6.
Từ vựng thường dùng cho natural process
Từ vựng
Nghĩa
Experience/ undergo significant development
Trải qua sự phát triển đáng kể
The life cycle lasts… days/weeks
Vòng đời kéo dài…ngày/tuần
Physical stages
Giai đoạn vật lý
Lay eggs
Đẻ trứng
Hatch
Nở/ấp trứng
Hatch into
Nở thành con gì
Complete the cycle
Hoàn thành chu kỳ
The cycle repeat itself/ starts again
Chu kỳ lặp lại
Reach maturity/ turn into adults
Đạt đến độ trưởng thành/ đến giai đoạn
trưởng thành
Shed the old skin
Thay lớp da cũ
Feed on sth
Ăn cái gì
Moult
Thay lông
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Evaporate -> evaporation (n)
Bay hơi
Condense -> Condensation (n)
Ngưng tụ
Melt
Tan chảy
(to be) formed
Được hình thành
Ví dụ:
Initially, an adult frog lay a number of eggs which subsequently develop in to embryos.
The process finishes with the baby frog reaching maturity, and the cycle starts again.
At the first step of the process, water evaporates into the air, as a result of the sun’s heat.
Following this, a cloud is formed by the condensation of water vapour.
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