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CHUYÊN ĐỀ 17: CÁC TỪ NỐI (CONNECTIVES)
Các từ nối phổ biến nhất trong tiếng anh là: and, but, or (hoặc/ hay; “or else” nếu không), so (do đó, vì thế), therefore (do đó), however (tuy nhiên). Các từ nối này đưực dùng để nối hai từ, hai cụm từ hay hai mệnh đề cùng loại, chức năng hay cấu trúc.
1. And: dùng để bổ sung thông tin (additional information).
Ví dụ: This appliance is modem and economical. (Thiết bị này hiện đại và tiết kiệm.)
His father is a doctor and he works in a hospital. (Cha anh ấy là bác sĩ và ông ấy làm việc trong một bệnh viện.)
2. Or: diễn tả sự chọn lựa.
Ví dụ: Do you study Maths or Chemistry? (Bạn học toán hay vật lý?)
Does he live in the city centre or in the suburbs? (Anh ấy sống ở ở trung tâm thành phố hay ở ngoại ô?)
Or else (nếu không): diễn tả một điều kiện.
Ví dụ: You must hurry or (else) you'll be late for the bus? (Bạn phải nhanh lên nếu không bạn sẽ lỡ xe bus.)
3. But: nối hai ý tương phản nhau
Ví dụ: He’s fat but his brother isn't. (Anh ấy mập nhưng bạn của anh ấy thì không.) That man is famous but humble. (Người đàn ông đó nổi tiếng nhưng khiêm tốn.)
Ø Chú ý: However (tuy nhiên): diễn tả sự tương phản. Nó đồng nghĩa với but nhưng luôn luôn nối liền hai mệnh đề.
Ví dụ: He’s over seventy; however, he's still active. (Ông ấy trên 70, tuy nhiên ông ấy vẫn năng động.) It’s raining hard; the game is, however, going on. (Trời đang mưa to; tuy nhiên trận đấu vẫn tiếp tục.)
4. So (vì thế, do đó): diễn tả hậu quả.
Ví dụ: He’s busy, so he can’t help you. (Anh ấy bận, do vậy anh ấy không thể giúp bạn.) The test was easy, so most of the pupils could do it.
Ø Chú ý: Therefore (do đó, vì thế): đồng nghĩa với so. Nó dùng để chỉ hậu quả của một hành động.
Ví dụ: He's at the meeting now; therefore he can’t answer your phone.
BÀI TẬP VẬN DỤNG
Exercise 1: Complete the sentences with and/ but/ or/so.
1. I would like to come, I do not have time.
2. I invited him his friends.
3. The door was open, we could hear everything.
4. We must hurry, we will be late.
5. She is kind. , she is rather forgetful.
6. The work was new to me. , it did not seem difficult.
7. We looked everywhere. , we could not find the keys.
8. He is old. , his mind is still active.
9. It was very hot. , we decided to go swimming.
10. It was very hot, we decided to go swimming.
Exercise 2: Complete the sentences with and/ but/ or/ so.
1. I have invited him his sister.
2. He walked up to the door knocked.
3. I would rather travel by train, the bus leaves earlier.
4. We were born in this village; , we know everyone here.
5. The sun was warm, a cool breeze blew in from the sea.
6. I have read this book before; , I do not remember the plot.
7. They were hot tired.
8. The door was locked, we had to wait inside.
9. I have known her for many years I understand her character well.
10. They visited many stores; , they could not find what they were looking for.
Exercise 3: Complete the sentences with and/ but/ or/ so.
1. I haven't really studied for this exam, I feel a little nervous.
2. I told him not to come, he came anyway.
3. He has always done well on exams, this time he failed.
4. In the living room there is a TV a recorder.
5. I live in a hat at the top floor; I don’t have a garden, I have a balcony.
6. She likes Japanese food her grandson doesn’t like it at all.
7. My mother is severe my father is nice.
8. New York is very exciting too expensive.
9. We both like sailing we live near the sea.
10. There is a bed, a wardrobe an armchair in my bedroom.
Exercise 4: Rewrite the sentences using and/but/or/so.
1. The train proceeded quickly. The train proceeded smoothly.
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2. They may leave today. They also may leave tomorrow.
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3. The child hates getting up in the morning. He also dislikes going to bed at night.
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4. He is talented. He also has a charm.
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5. The street is lined with oak trees. It is also lined with elm trees.
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6. The lecture was long. In addition, it was also a boring lecture.
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7. You should choose: One, eat less; two, do more exercises.
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8. I am proud to be here. I am also happy to meet you here.
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9. The town is historical. It is picturesque too.
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10. We know him. We don’t know his friends.
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Exercise 5: Correct the incorrect part in each sentence.
1. We walked out of the door, down the steps and went across the street.
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2. She loves singing, dancing, and to play the piano.
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3. The wind moaned, shrieked and was howling.
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4. The music was fast, brilliant and sounded exciting.
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5. He proposes to borrow money, open a store and going into business.
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6. The town boasts four libraries, two theaters and there are many schools.
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7. The clouds were thick, black and looked threatening.
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8. He likes running, jumping and to ride a bicycle.
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9. They worked carefully, quickly and were quiet.
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10. The vegetables were fresh, tender and tasted delicious.
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Exercise 6: Match each part in column A with each part in column B.
A
B
1
My sister's hand-writing is always so neat,
A
so unless someone disturbs them, an astronaut's footprints will last forever!
2
Reading is an excellent way to increase your vocabulary
B
or you'll fail the speaking test.
3
The student's essay was badly written
C
and appearance.
4
Alcohol can delay your reaction times;
D
and grammar.
5
In March of 1999, more than 130 nations signed a United Nations Treaty banning land mines;
E
therefore, you should never drink and drive.
6
Eating well is important for good health
F
but mine is a total mess.
7
The apartment is very pretty
G
and its rent is quite low.
8
You'd better pronunciation
work
on
improving
your
H
and short.
9
I'm not really interested in history,
I
but this lecture was quite interesting.
10
There is no wind on the moon,
J
However, the United China did not sign.
States, Russia
and
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Exercise 7: Rewrite the sentences, using available words.
1. It was raining. We still went to the park. (However)
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2. She put on a warm coat before going to work. The weather is cold. (Therefore)
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3. The students easily got high score in the last examination. They were well-prepared. (so)
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4. He produces things quite slowly. His products are really good. (but)
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5. She was thinking of buying a new car. Her friend convinced her to buy an used car. (but)
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6. She is loved by everybody in her factory. She is a very hard worker. (so)
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7. I felt really sick last night. I couldn’t come to your party. (so)
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8. You don’t do your homework. You will get a bad mark. You will be kicked out of school. (if, and)
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9. The young boy was sent home. He refused to obey the teacher. (Therefore)
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10. It cost a fortune to renovate our house. It was worth it. (However)
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ANSWER KEY
Exercise 1: Complete the sentences with and/ but/ or/ so.
1. but
2. and
3. so
4. or
5. However
6. However
7. However
8. However
9. Therefore
10. so
Exercise 2: Complete the sentences with and/ but/ or/ so.
1. and
2. and
3. but
4. Therefore
5. but
6. However
7. and
8. so
9. so
10. However
Exercise 3: Complete the sentences with and/ but/ or/ so.
1. so
2. but
3. but
4. and
5. but
6. but
7. but
8. but
9. so
10. and
Exercise 4: Rewrite the sentences using and/but/or/so.
1. The train proceeded quickly and smoothly.
2. They may leave today or tomorrow.
3. The child hates getting up in the morning and going to bed at night.
4. He is talented and charm.
5. The street is lined with oak trees and elm trees.
6. The lecture was long and boring.
7. You should choose to eat less or do more exercises.
8. I am proud to be and meet you here.
9. The town is historical and picturesque.
10. We know him but his friends.
Exercise 5: Correct the incorrect part in each sentence.
1. We walked out of the door, down the steps and across the street.
2. She loves singing, dancing, and playing the piano.
3. The wind moaned, shrieked and howled.
4. The music was fast, brilliant and exciting.
5. He proposes to borrow money, open a store and go into business.
6. The town boasts four libraries, two theaters and many schools.
7. The clouds were thick, black and threatening.
8. He likes running, jumping and riding a bicycle.
9. They worked carefully, quickly and quietly.
10. The vegetables were fresh, tender and delicious.
Exercise 6: Match each part in column A with each part in column B.
1. F
2. D
3. H
4. E
5. J
6. C
7. G
8. B
9. I
10. A
Exercise 7: Rewrite the sentences, using available words.
1. It was raining. However, we still went to the park.
2. The weather is cold. Therefore, she put on a warm coat before going to work.
3. The students were well-prepared, so they easily got high score in the last examination.
4. He produces things quite slowly, but those are really good products.
5. She was thinking of buying a new car, but her friend convinced her to buy an used car.
6. She is a very hard worker, so she is loved by everybody in her factory.
7. I felt really sick last night, so I couldn’t come to your party.
8. If you don’t do your homework, you will get a bad mark and be kicked out of school.
9. The young boy refused to obey the teacher. Therefore, he was sent home.
10. It cost a fortune to renovate our house. However, it was worth it.