FOCUS 1: WORD FORM
Use the word given in capitals to form a word that fits in each space.
COFFEE
Today’s cafe is a small eating and drinking establishment yet, was historically a coffee house which served only coffee. The English term cafe, borrowed from the French, is ultimately a (1. DERIVE) ……………………………… of the Turkish kahve, meaning coffee. The (2. INTRODUCE) ……………………………… of coffee and coffee drinking to Europe provided a much-needed focus for the social (3. ACT) ……………………………… of the middle classes. The first cafe is said to have opened in 1550 in Constantinople; during the 17th century, cafes opened throughout Europe. During the 200 years after the mid-17th century, the most (4. PROSPER) ……………………………… coffee houses of Europe flourished in London as meeting points for (5. END) ……………………………… discussion about the latest news and for bitter (6. AGREE) ……………………………… . During this time, the lucrative business of buying and selling insurance, ships, stock and commodities was disposed of in coffee houses. They became informal stations for the collection and distribution of packets and letters. By the 19th century, the (7. DAY) ……………………………… newspaper and the postal service had displaced these functions. About the same time, the French cafe and restaurant were at their zenith as (8. GATHER) ……………………………… places for artists and (9. INTELLECT) ……………………………… . The cafe continued to be an important social institution in France throughout the 20th century. During the late 20th century, as espresso and other various coffees became popular, many outlets (10. SPECIAL) ……………………………… in coffee opened.
El Nino
Over the years the appearance of La Nina has been more (11. PREDICT) ……………………………… than that of El Nio; its patterns are not yet fully known and fewer of its effects have been recorded. But both patterns are (12. CONSIDER) ……………………………… better understood than ever before.
That is because the most recent El Nino will be the first to be remembered for more than just a litany of disasters. The 1997-98 El Nino marked a (13. HISTORY) ……………………………… breakthrough in that for the first time scientists were able to predict (14. NORMAL) ……………………………… flooding and droughts months in advance, allowing time for (15. THREAT) ……………………………… populations to prepare. At the very least, preparation can save lives. Even in regions affected by (16. POOR) ……………………………… constructing (17. DRAIN) ……………………………… systems and stockpiling emergency supplies saved hundred of lives. Forewarning brought (18. OPPORTUNITY) ……………………………… international aid to such places as Papua, New Guinea, where highland populations were faced with (19. STARVE) ……………………………… after frost and drought combined to destroy (20. SUBSIST) …… crops.
THE CAT
The (21. DOMESTIC) cat, more commonly referred to as the house cat, is the smallest member of the (22. EXTEND) ……………………………… feline family. Like their wild cousins, house cats (23. CHARACTER) ……………………………… have streamlined bodies, classically shaped skulls, elongated tails and specially evolved teeth and claws.
All of these physical attributes contribute to the (24. POTENT) ……………………………… of the cat as a (25. CARNIVORE) ……………………………… predator. House cats, like their larger relatives found in the wild, are renowned for their acute sense of balance, amazing (26. AGILE) ……………………………… and lithe, graceful movements.
In contrast to man’ s best friend the dog, cats are not considered to be social animals in the sense that they have never (27. HABIT) ……………………………… travelled in packs or adopted leaders. Dogs, on the other hand, which have always been social (28. CREATE) ……………………………… seem to have been better suited for the fireside hearth as they (29. READY) ……………………………… transferred their allegiance from the leader of the canine pack to their human master.
This interesting fact may offer an answer as to why cats appear to be so much more independent and self-reliant than dogs. Dog owners often cite the cat’s innate aloofness as adequate reason for their own personal pet (30. PREFER) ……………………………… .